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ANSWERS 2025
What are the percentages of gases in pure, dry air? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% other gases What percent is water vapor in the atmosphere? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔0-5% by volume What is the troposphere? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Layer adjacent to the Earth's surface Where does all weather occur? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Troposphere In the troposhpere, what happens to the temperature with an increase in altitude? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Temperature decreases What are the winds like in the troposphere? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Winds are light near the Earths surface and increase with altitude Where is the troposphere? (height) - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Average height of 36000 MSL
ANSWERS 2025
What is the moisture content in the troposphere? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Large amounts of moisture and condensation Is the troposphere higher in the summer or in the winter? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Higher in the summer. Think that the air is heating up and rising the troposphere What is the tropopause? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Transition zone between the troposphere and stratosphere What happens to temperature with an increase in altitude in the tropopause? Decrease? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Constant Constant Where do the strongest winds occur? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔In the tropopause What is atmospheric pressure? What is atmospheric pressure also known as? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Pressure exerted on a surface by the atmosphere due to the weight of the column of air directly above that surface
ANSWERS 2025
What is Atmospheric circulation? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Earth is constantly heated and cooled as it rotates. This causes ascending and descending air What are the two ways atmospheric circulation moves air? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Ascending and descending currents What causes Atmospheric circulation? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Wind trying to go from high pressure to low pressure. Due to the Coriolis Force What are Pressure Gradients? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Spacing of isobars that represent a change in pressure over a horizontal distance. When is a Pressure Gradient Force (PGF) strong? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔When isobars are close together What is the initiating force for all winds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Pressure Gradient Force What pressure gradient force is associated with slower winds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Wide spaced PGF
ANSWERS 2025
What is standard atmosphere? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Standard day at sea level conditions 29.92 in-Hg 15 C What is Lapse rate? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Decrease in atmospheric temperature with increasing altitude What is the average temperature lapse rate? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔2C/1000ft What is an isothermal lapse rate? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Temperature is the same at different altitudes What is an air mass? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Large body of air with uniform temperature and moisture conditions in a horizontal plane How are Air masses named? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔According to their location, moisture content and temperature relative to the ground
ANSWERS 2025
-Aircraft is going to be higher than indicated on the altimeter when going from a low pressure to a higher one What is indicated altitude? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Altitude read directly from the altimeter What is the part of the altimeter where you change the pressure setting called? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Kollsman window Explain the effect that a deviation from the standard temperature lapse rate has on the altimeter - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔High to low, look out below -Flying into colder air, the altimeter will read higher than the MSL Low to high, plenty of sky -Flying into warmer air, the altimeter will read lower than the actual MSL What is MSL and how is it found? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Actual height above mean sea level Correcting the calibrated altitude for temperature deviations from the standard atmosphere
ANSWERS 2025
What is AGL and how is it found? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Aircraft height directly above the terrain directly beneath. Subtracting terrain elevation from true altitude What is Pressure altitude? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Height above the standard datum plane. Above 18000 ft (Class A) What is Density Altitude? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature deviations. NOT AN ACTUAL ALTITUDE. INDEX FOR AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE What is the relationship between density and density altitude? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Inverse What is a temperature inversion? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Lapse rate where temperature increases with increasing altitude. Which way does the Pressure Gradient force cause air to flow? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔From high pressure to low pressure
ANSWERS 2025
CW for high Where do surface winds occur? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Below 2000' AGL What is Buys Ballots Law? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔When the wind is on your back, the low pressure system will be to your left or slightly forward What happens to wind speeds as altitude increases? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Wind speeds generally increase Where does wind speeds reach a maximum? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Just below the tropopause What is a jet stream? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Narrow band of strong winds 50 knots or more that meanders vertically and horizontally around the hemisphere in a wave-like pattern What are the average winds for a jet stream? What can they reach in excess? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔100-150 knots 250 knots
ANSWERS 2025
What is the segment size for jet streams? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔1000 to 3000 miles in length 100 to 400 miles in width 3000 to 7000 feet in depth What is the average height of a jet stream? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔30,000 feet MSL What is a Sea Breeze? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Resulting onshore wind blowing from the sea Explain a sea breeze - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔The cooler air over the water moves toward the warmer land. The air is then heated and rises. Air is then cooled and descends When does sea breeze occur? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔During the day What is a land breeze? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cooler air over land moving toward the water
ANSWERS 2025
What is a Stratiform clouds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cloud with a uniform base, formed in horizontal, sheet like layers What is the word nimbo or nimbus associated with? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Clouds that produce violent or heavy precipitation What is the most serious hazard to flying in low clouds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔The proximity of the clouds base to the surface of the Earth. Hides terrain causing a collision hazard What prefix is associated with middle clouds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Alto What is the composition of middle clouds in regards to the air? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Ice crystals, water droplets, or a mixture What is Virga? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔rain or snow that evaporates before it reaches the ground What are the characteristics of middle clouds in regards to the wind and visibility? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Dark and turbulent
ANSWERS 2025
Which type of clouds have little effect on flying? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔High clouds What are high clouds mostly composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔ice crystals, so they do not pose an icing hazard What prefix is associated with high clouds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cirro or cirrus What are special clouds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Towering Cumulonimbus and Nimbostratus clouds Where are the bases of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Low to middle cloud heights and their tops extend through high cloud heights What type of cloud is a nimbostratus cloud and what does it produce? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Special cloud Produces continuous rain, snow, or ice pellets
ANSWERS 2025
What is showering? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Sudden beginning or ending and abrupt changes in intensity or sky conditions What is continuous? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Steady. Gradual changes in intensity What is intermittent? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Stops and restarts at least once during the hour What clouds are associated with Showers? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cumuliform clouds What clouds are associated with continuous? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Stratiform clouds What clouds are associated with intermittent? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cumuliform or stratiform What are the four methods of lifting? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔FOCT Frontal
ANSWERS 2025
Orographic Convergence Thermal What is the converging method of lifting? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Two air masses converge and the only place for the air to go is upward What is the Orographic method of lifting? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Force of the winds against the mountain side pushes the air up What is the Frontal method of lifting? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔A front pushes the air upwards What is the thermal method of lifting? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cool air over a warm surface and pushed up from intense solar heating What is stable air? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Air is pushed up then returns to its original position (colder)
ANSWERS 2025
What does temperature indicate in a front? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔High changes in temp mean stronger front What does Dew point indicate in a front? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Higher dew point, greater amount of moisture available to produces clouds, fog, precepitation Why is pressure important in a front? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Need to obtain a new altimeter setting when flying near a front Why are winds important in a front? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Tell you that you may need to change heading when flying near a front Where are all fronts located? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Troughs of low pressure What is a squall line and what do they look like on a chart?? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Line of violent thunderstorms. Red dotted and dashed lines (2 dots, 2 dashes) Where do squall lines develop? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔50 to 300 miles in front of a cold front
ANSWERS 2025
What is a stationary front? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Frontal border between air masses that show little movement What do stationary fronts look like on a chart? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Alternating side blue triangle and red semi circle What is an occluded front? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Faster moving cold front overtakes a slower moving warm front How is the type of occluding front determined? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Determined by which front keeps in contact with the ground What is turbulence? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Any irregular or disturbed flow that produces gusts or eddies What words are used to describe the intensities of turbulence in a PIREP? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Light Moderate Severe Extreme
