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NIGHTINGALE COLLEGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES FOR THE 2025/2026 SESSION, ALREADY GRADED A+
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A "monosomy" --PRECISE ANSWER--The condition that occurs when a zygote is missing in each cell is referred to as: A decrease in cell size --PRECISE ANSWER--Cell atrophy is: A herniated disk allows the gelatinous material (the nucleus pulposus) to: --PRECISE ANSWER-- extrude and compress the nerve root A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Which information should the nurse include? --PRECISE ANSWER--Impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid occurs. The blood clogs arachnoid granulations/villi (impairing CSF reabsorption). A nurse is describing the process in which a piece of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome. What term should the nurse use to describe this process? --PRECISE ANSWER-- translocation A nurse is explaining variant genes to a group of nursing students. When discussing the retinoblastoma gene, what type of gene is the nurse describing? --PRECISE ANSWER--tumor suppressor gene A nurse recalls that adaptive cellular mechanisms function is to: --PRECISE ANSWER--Protect cells from injury A nurse wants to teach about the most common primary immune deficiency condition. Which of the following should the nurse describe? --PRECISE ANSWER--Common variable immune deficiency A patient asks a nurse what leukotrienes do. Which of the following is the best answer? -
A patient has a recent spinal cord injury. Which term should the nurse use to describe the loss of reflex function below the level of injury/lesion? --PRECISE ANSWER--spinal shock A patient has a spinal cord tumor that originated within the neural tissue. What type of tumor is this called? --PRECISE ANSWER--Intramedullary A patient has a spinal cord tumor that originates within the neural tissues. What type of tumor is this called? --PRECISE ANSWER--Intramedullary
is called:
An individual who is heterozygous for a gene has: --PRECISE ANSWER--alleles at a given locus that are different from one another. An oncologist is discussing the process of metastasis. Which information should the oncologist include? For metastasis to occur, tumor cells must be capable of: --PRECISE ANSWER-- surviving in the bloodstream Apoptosis --PRECISE ANSWER--The process by which cells program themselves to die: arthralgia, anemia, and rash. --PRECISE ANSWER--When assessing the patient with SLE, the nurse should expect to identify: Autonomic hyper reflexes is caused by: --PRECISE ANSWER--Stimulation of sensory/pain receptors below the level of the spinal cord lesion Both parents could be carriers --PRECISE ANSWER--A couple has two offspring; one child has an autosomal recessive disease trait and one is normal. What most likely conclusions can the nurse make about the parents? brain --PRECISE ANSWER--If a patient has liquefactive necrosis, which organ should the nurse asses first? Cancer --PRECISE ANSWER--What is the leading cause of death in developed countries? Cell injury from noxious stimuli --PRECISE ANSWER--Which causes meta plasma in humans? cell secretions --PRECISE ANSWER--Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in: cerebral thrombosis develops most often from: --PRECISE ANSWER--atherosclerosis and inflammatory disease processes (arteritis) chromosomal breakage --PRECISE ANSWER--Clastogens are agents that cause Codon --PRECISE ANSWER--The triplet of base pairs necessary to code for a specific amino acid is called a: cystic fibrosis --PRECISE ANSWER--The nurse is caring for a patient with a genetic disease that is transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. Which is the most likely diagnoses for this patient? During a myasthenic or cholinergic crisis, a patient is in danger of: --PRECISE ANSWER-- Respiratory arrest During your assessment of a patient with meningitis, you want to test for nuchal rigidity. Which
fatigue --PRECISE ANSWER--Most commonly reported symptom associated with cancer is: For metastasis to occur, tumor cells must be capable of: --PRECISE ANSWER--surviving in the bloodstream Gunshot wounds --PRECISE ANSWER--The nurse documents "tattooing and stippling" in a trauma patient. Which type of injury does the patient have? Human Papillomavirus (HPV) --PRECISE ANSWER--Primary cause of cervical cancer Huntington's disease --PRECISE ANSWER--The nurse in the genetics clinic is describing a genetic disease that leads to progressive dementia in the middle to later adulthood. To which disease is the nurse most likely referring? In a patient with an epidural hematoma, the nurse recalls that bleeding between the skull and: - ANS-Dura mated increased cell division --PRECISE ANSWER--What would you expect to occur when a patients cancer is caused by mutations of a proto-oncogene Infection --PRECISE ANSWER--A patient is experiencing leukopenia from cancer and chemotherapy treatment. Which condition should you asses for the patient? Interferon --PRECISE ANSWER--Which substance is released during a viral infection and signals neighboring cells to enhance viral defenses? Irritative syndromes involve: --PRECISE ANSWER--Compressive symptoms plus radicular pain and paresthesias It controls clotting by breaking down fibrin --PRECISE ANSWER--What is the role of plasmin in the inflammatory response cycle? Lipids in the nerve cells of the brain --PRECISE ANSWER--When teaching staff Tay-Sachs disease, which information should the nurse include? Tay-Sachs disease results in the accumulation of: Liver --PRECISE ANSWER--Which organ is most frequently affected by chronic alcohol (ethanol) injury? Malignant tumors have a tendency to: --PRECISE ANSWER--invade surrounding tissues; they also grow rapidly and have a tendency to metastasize Metastasis --PRECISE ANSWER--What term is used to describe cancer that extends to organs of tissue distant from the site of origin? Most forms of focal brain injury are associated with increased: --PRECISE ANSWER--brain swelling
neutrophils and macrophages --PRECISE ANSWER--The major phagocytic cells in inflammation are: Phenotype --PRECISE ANSWER--The outward manifestation of a disease, often influenced by both genes and the environment, is called the disease: protect cells from injury --PRECISE ANSWER--Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to: Protein synthesis --PRECISE ANSWER--Which is the chief function of ribosomes? skin and mucous membranes --PRECISE ANSWER--Among the many innate defenses the body has to pathogens, the first line of defense is the: subdural hematomas: --PRECISE ANSWER--bleeding between the dura mater and the brain T and B lymphocytes --PRECISE ANSWER--A patient with a combined immune deficiency lacks: Tay-Sachs disease --PRECISE ANSWER--A disease results in accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the brain: The development of sensory and motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis is caused by: -
Translocation --PRECISE ANSWER--A process in which a piece of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome: tumor suppressor genes --PRECISE ANSWER--The retinoblastoma gene is what type of gene? Type 1 --PRECISE ANSWER--Your patient is having a reaction to a bee sting. Which type of hypersensitivity are they displaying? What is the roll of plasmid in the inflammatory response cycle? --PRECISE ANSWER--It controls clotting by breaking down fibrin. What term does the nurse use to describe the exudate that is characterized by the movement of watery fluid, containing few cells and little protein? --PRECISE ANSWER--Serous What type of injury with the nurse prepare to care for when a patient has a diffuse brain injury? -
Your patient has Guillain-Barré. During the health history you should ask about a history of: -