No. 2 - The Contribution of Greek, Persian and Romans in the Development of Science and Te, Lecture notes of Life Sciences

Download No. 2 - The Contribution of Greek, Persian and Romans in the Development of Science and Te and more Lecture notes Life Sciences in PDF only on Docsity!

A Learning Course Material in

Science, Technology, and Society 01

Julius C. Pumaras

Assistant Professor III

Learning Outcomes : At the end of the lesson, the pre-service teachers (PST)

must have:

1. described the development of science and technology that occurred in Greece, Persians, and Rome; and
2. explained and recognized the significance of contributions of Greek, Persian and Romans in the Development of Science and Technology Greece is a country in Southern Europe located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa. Its mainland is located at the southernmost tip of Balkan Peninsula. Here are some of the Great Greek Philosophers that helped in the development of science and technology during Ancient times.
   1. Thales of Miletus (638-548 B.C.) developed the theory of matter based upon water
   2. Socrates (470-399 B.C) emphasized the study of human nature in relation to society; established the theory of skepticism.
   3. Empedocles (493-433 B.C.) assumed that there were more than one kind of matter and postulated four roots of elements: earth, air, fire and water.
   4. Hippocrates about 400 B.C. started the science of medicine and is known as the greatest physician of antiquity and regarded as the father of medicine. He stated that diseases have natural causes and the body has the power to repair itself. His name is always associated with Hippocratic Oath, an oath Learning Course Material No. 2 I. The Classical Greek Philosophers (400B.C.—400 A.D.) Location:

botany. He wrote “Causes of Plants in which he described grafting methods, seeds, effect of temperature upon plants, the relations of weather to soil and the taste and perfumes of plants. The manuscript also deals with the medicinal uses of plant. Persia is the former name of Iran. The Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC, was the largest empire of the ancient world, stretching from the borders of India and China in the east to large parts of Greece and Libya in the west. The culture of Persians is one of the oldest in the Middle East. Persia has one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many disciplines including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and stonemasonry. Persian rugs have always been a vital part of the Persian culture.

1. Nas’taliq is the most beautiful Persian Calligraphy style and also technically the most complicated. Even the second popular Persian calligraphy style i.e. “Cursive Nas'taliq or Shekasteh Nas’taliq."
2. Pottery — The taste and talent of the Persian people can be seen through the designs of their earthen wares, ceramic art objects such as figures, tiles, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials.
3. Domes were an important part and constructed on the first large-scale in Persia. The outer surfaces of the domes are mostly mosaic faced, which creates a magical view.
4. Various structures such as mosques, mausoleums, bazaars, bridges, and different palaces have mainly survived from this period.
5. A wind tower is a chimney-like structure positioned above the house to catch the prevailing wind. II. Persian Civilization Location:

Rome is the capital of ltaly. Roman civilization is characterized by a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. Today it is known as ‘the eternal city Latin is the language spoken by Romans.

1. The Romans used water power, and watermills for making cereals milling, sawing timber and crushing ore. They exploited wood and coal for heating.
2. The Romans made great use of aqueducts, dams, bridges, and amphitheaters.
3. The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts to supply water. The city of Rome itself was supplied with eleven aqueducts made of limestone that provided the city with over 1 million cubic meters of water each day, sufficient for 3.5 million people even in modern-day times.
4. Romans dedicated their many resources to the study of astronomy, astrology, geography, and other sciences. Their contributions were crucial to future generations and have helped us collect the knowledge we have today.
5. Ancient Roman used sundials to tell time and even created portable versions. They also used tools for measuring, manual drills, and metal spikes (used as nails).
6. Advanced glassblowing techniques brought new technology to Rome in the form of window glass, hanging glass oil lamps, and other objects made of glass.
7. Rome’s military benefited from technological improvements to weapons, shields, armour, and other items.
8. Galen (129-199 AD.) — Great physician and surgeon; Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.
9. Vitruvius is another writer whose work has provided us with important knowledge about Ancient Rome. He was also an architect and engineers sometimes referred to as the first architect.
10. Pliny — described almost a thousand species of plants, most of which were highly valued for their medicinal uses. III. Roman Civilization Location: