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Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compoundsare composedof ions. An ion is an atom or moleculewith an electricalcharge. Monatomic ions are formed from single atomsthat have^ gainedor lost electrons. Polyatomicions are formedfrom molecules(groupsof atomsbondedtogether)that^ havegainedor lost^ electrons.
Negative ions are called anions,and are formed^ when an atom or molecule^ gains^ electrons. All non- metalsform negativelychargedions. Positiveions^ are^ calledcations,and^ are^ formedwhen^ an atomor moleculeloseselectrons. All^ metals^ form positively^ chargedcations. Ions with oppositecharges (positivemetal cationsand negativenon-metalanions)will experiencea strongelectrostaticattraction and form an ionic bond,which leadsto the formationof the ionic compound.
Non-metalAnions
Non-metalswill form anionswith only one possiblenegativecharge. The following PeriodicTable showsthe chargesfor non-metalanionscommonlyfoundin ionic compounds:
IA 2A
Note that a) The magnitudeof the negativechargeson theseanionsis equalto 8 minustheir GroupNumber. b) The namesof theseanionsarebasedon the elementnames,but the endingsareall changedto -ide.
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A^ 8A
Page I of 9
Metal Cations
Most (but not all) main groupmetalswill fonn cationswith only onepossiblecharge.Most (but not all) transitionmetalswill form cationswith more than one possiblecharge. The following PeriodicTable showsthe^ chargesfor metalcationscommonlyfoundin ionic^ compounds:
IA 2A
Note that a) The magnitudeof the positive chargeon the naiu-group metal cations^ is generallyequal^ to their GroupNumber. b) The namesof metal^ cationswith only one^ possiblechargeare^ the sameas^ the namesof the metals themselves. c) For metal cationswith more^ than one^ possiblecharge,the ion chargemust^ be indicatedin the ion name. In the IUPAC system,the ion chargeis indicatedin the^ nameas^ Romannumeralsin brackets.
fiSffi l##$l*-W,,tffi$1uW,,frff$-ffffi$'liiiilliffifiriritliiiiff'r''Wliil,H,ffiW
TransitionElements(B) 3A 4A^ 5A H*l
Lir Be
Na+ l^ Mgt Al
Kl Ca2 Ti2'Ti
Cr*z cf Cf'
Mn* Mn* Mn*a
Fe* Fe*
Co* Co*
Ni* Ni*
Cul Cu2 Znn^ Ga*3^ Ge
Rbr sf2 Agt^ cdn^ InIn
Csl Bau Au''Au€ Hg2^ Hg2*t^ Pb Pb'.
Bi' Bi
E#mpie,Si
Eitm;lei (^) 9j , i :
Cation= anion J
iriir
'' ',;,",^.^ '
FeCIi
Catidn,,.l+ .r,AnL9n,:t
Note in the above Example 9 that parenthesesare placed^ around the polyatornic portion of compound,to indicate that it must be treated as a complete and whole unit.
. "
, ' "
t i + l
L l
l,i^ ;
Nomenclature of Simple Covalent Compounds
Covalent compoundsare compoundsformed between^ non-metalsonly.^ Simple binary covalent compoundscontainjust two different^ types^ of non-metalelements.^ When^ non-metalscombinethey can form severaldifferent^ covalentcompounds.Thesecompoundsmust^ thereforebe identified^ with unique namesandformulas.
ffi ilflffiflffiffiffiffiffixlxfiffiH ru$#ffi#{Hffififfi"s,i,}f
Formulasand Namesof SimpleCovalentCompounds
- Always write/namethe elementwith more metallic characterfirst.^ Metallic characterincreases goingfrom right to left, andtop to bottomon the^ PeriodicTable.
- Thenwrite/namethe second(lessmetallic)element,changingthe^ endingof its nameto -ide.
- Sincenonmetalsoften combinein differentproportionsto form a numberof differentcompounds, prefixesmust be included in the namesto indicatethe numbersof each^ kind of atom present. Prefixesfor 1-10atomsaregiven^ in the^ followingtable.
Number Prefix Number^ Prefix I Mono 6 Hexa
2 Di 7 Hepta
3 Tri 8 Octa
4 Tetra 9 Nona
5 Penta^ 1 0^ Deca
Nomenclature of Acids
Acids are compoundsthat^ releasehydrogencations6ft; when^ dissolvedin water. They are^ all found in the aqueousstate(aq).
HCI(aq) -)^ r{' @q)
hydrochloricacid hydrogenions
nitrateions
se'2 (aq)
sulfiteions
rtNO: (ag) -) nitric acid
gzSOz(aq) 5 sulfurousacid
H*'(oq)
hydrogenions
zt{t @q) +
hydrogenions
In acidsthe elementhydrogenactuallybehaveslike a Group^ 1A metalcation. Sinceit behaveslike a + cation,hydrogenis alwayswritten first in the formulasof all acids. The anion^ in the acid^ canbe either monatomicor polyatomic,and affectshow the acid is named.
Acids containingNon-Metal Anions
Theseacidscontainthe Ffl cationand^ a monatomicnon-metalanion.
Acids containingmonatomicanionsare namedusingthe prefix hydro * the nameof the anionwith the suffix -ic + the word acid.
The formulasof theseacidsare obtainedin an identicalfashionto regularionic compounds.The H*r cationandthemonatomicanionarecombinedin a ratio^ to yield a neutralcompound.
Acids containingPolvatomicAnions
Theseacidscontainthe H*] cationanda polyatomicanion.
E;dd$iuLHd'iiil1llNitsiii ri o.ii(t Lio t i il #lr}iililu, (^) d,1il$tdmi:q$hi:6fi;
Theseacidshavenamesthat are basedon the nameof the polyatomicion in ion hasthe ending-ate,^ in the acid the endingis changedto -ic * acid. If ending-ite,^ in the acidthe endingis changedto -ous+ acid.
Example2'l: NametheacidHCIO] (aq). :' , (^) ,.t :
,,
'',,,,, "1' Thisaci!"ontuin,H*randtnepgi11,atortr"ii-",i;igior'=.n,o = i ' T o n a m e t h i j a c i d ' t h e e n d i n g - a t e i s s w i t c J t i d t o _ i c.
ili)i:o' N
fil :i
jj#li, !rl,];.*
',,' "r'ri'ry6:1iacidcontainsH*l andthepqlyatomicpqryatomicii;,""so,,anionSor-2:isulfite.:ournt"
T o n a m e t h i s a c i d , t h e e n d i n g _ i i 3 ' i , s w i t c h e d t o _ o u s. '' TheracidHrSo,(iq>^ irrnrrl#ta sulfurssacid,. ,:^ ::::,
*o
:i,i'
1giil",ffi#ffiir
r#,iii
";ur
$ i gffiii.#riTb.;B::r'identined,;",g1"'ui"'""ti"'
in, the formulas of these acids are obtained in an identical fashion to regular cation and the polyatomic anion are combined in a ratio to yield a neu
Exampfg23;,,,,Wr!,,"the formulafor.'oxalicacid.,
-.i,,-,lr The^ formrilaof oxalicacidis^ n#tr;oo(aq)^ ii
NomenclatureWorksheet 1
Give the formula of the following compounds:
I silicon dioxide
2 sulfur dioxide
3 diboron tetrabromide
4 cadmium nitrate
5 hydrogenperoxide
6lithium hvdroxide
7 carbontetrachloride
8 nickel(Il) sulfite
9 copper(Il)sulfate
10sodiumsulfate
1l silveriodide
l2 magnesiumnitride
13carbondisulfide
14calciumcarbide
15gold(III)chloride
16 zincnitrite
17cobaltQl)sulfite
l8 cesiumoxalate
l9 berylliumiodide
20lithiumhydride
21 arsenictrichloride
23 ammonium phosphate
24 diphosphoruspentoxide
25 phosphorouspentachloride
26 aluminum carbonate
27 platinttrn (IV) cyanide
28 sodiumthiosulfate
29 potassiumchlorate
30 strontiumsulfide
31 sodiumdichromate
32 lead(Il)bicarbonate
33 potassiumpermanganate
34 rubidiumchromate
35 ammonium sulfide
36 iron (III) dichromate
37 gold(III)perchlorate
38 sodiumbisulfate
39 magnesiumchlorite
40 ferrous chromate
41 mercurousacetate
42 stanricfluoride
43 cupricperchlorate
22 dinitrogenmonoxide 44 tetranitrogentetrasulfide
NomenclatureWorksheet 2
Give the IUPAC namesof the following compounds:
l NaBr 22KOH
2MgClz
3 AlzOr
23 BaCrOq
24 NH+I
25 KCIOr
26 (NH+)zCzOa
27 BaSO:
28 Fe(ClO+):
29 KCN
30 CaHz
31 Fe(CzHrOz)s
32 BaSO+
33 Ca(HCOr)z
34 SnOz
35NasP
36 AgNOr
37 CdCIz
38 NiFz
39 CuzCOl
40 CrzOs
+1Ni:(pO+)z
4 Ba:(PO+)z
5 NazCO:
6 Ca(OH)z
7 AlCls
8 AsF:
9 Bi(Nor):
10NzO+
11NazCrzOz
12Na:PO+
13SnSOr
14 Alz(CrO+)g
15Pb(oH)z
16 ZnSOq
17Fe(OH)r
19AgCzHrOz
18Zn(ClO)z
20 Be(NOz)z
2l Cor(AsO+)z 42 Cd(HSO+)z
