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Neurobiological Perspectives on Behavior and Development: An Overview, Slides of Psychopathology

University of Huddersfield Psychopathology

An overview of neurobiological perspectives on behavior and development, focusing on the role of the brain and nervous system in psychological disorders, neural plasticity, and the impact of early experiences. It also discusses the different areas of the brain that regulate various functions and behaviors, as well as the contributions of neurotransmitters and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

What you will learn

How do different areas of the brain regulate various functions and behaviors?
What is the role of the brain and nervous system in psychological disorders?
How does neural plasticity impact behavior and development?

What is the role of neurotransmitters in behavior and development?
What is the significance of early experiences on brain development?

Typology: Slides

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/27/2022

attourney 🇬🇧

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# 1

Chapter 2

NORMATIVE

DEVELOPMENT

Developmental Psychopathology: From

Infancy through Adolescence

Wenar & Kerig

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# 2

Development “gone awry”

• Developmental contexts

• Biological

• Individual

• Family

• Social

•Cultural

• Relevant risk and protective factors

• Vulnerability

• Resiliency

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# 3

Theoretical Foundations

• Theories allow us to predict behavior

• Prediction = probabilistic

• Do not predict to individual

• Typical v. atypical preferable to normal v.

abnormal

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# 4

Theoretical Foundations

• Underlying Assumptions

• Atypical development is multiply determined

• Child and environment = interdependent

• Interact dynamically

• “Transactional” or “Relational”

• Atypical development involves

• continuities & discontinuities

• quantitative & qualitative changes

• patterns of behavior over time

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Download Neurobiological Perspectives on Behavior and Development: An Overview and more Slides Psychopathology in PDF only on Docsity!

1 (^) Chapter 2

NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT Developmental Psychopathology: FromInfancy through Adolescence Wenar & Kerig

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2

Development “gone awry”

Developmental contexts
- Biological• Individual
- Family
- Social
- Cultural
Relevant risk and protective factors
- Vulnerability• Resiliency

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3

Theoretical Foundations

Theories allow us to predict behavior
Prediction = probabilistic
Do not predict to individual
Typical v. atypical preferable to normal v.abnormal

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4

Theoretical Foundations

Underlying Assumptions
- Atypical development is multiply determined
- Child and environment = interdependent
- Interact dynamically• “Transactional” or “Relational”
- Atypical development involves
  - continuities & discontinuities
  - quantitative & qualitative changes• patterns of behavior over time

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Developmental

Sensitive period = window of time during which environmental influences are • Window closes: more difficult optimal - Parent-child attachment
Critical period = window of time where event must • Window closes: too late happen for outcome to occur - Cell migration

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Developmental considerations

Johnny cannot sit still in the chair for 20 minutes and look at a book.He looks all around, gets up and wanders about the room.
- Is Johnny’s behavior atypical?
Susan clings to her mother’s leg when she tries to leave the room.When she does go, Susan cries.
- Is Susan’s behavior atypical?
Mustdevelopmental levels always consider behavior in the context of expected

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7

Biological Perspectives

Neurobiological: Brain and nervous system functionsunderlying causes of psychological disorders
Neural Plasticity & the Role of Experience• Malleability or use-dependent anatomical differentiation
- throughout developmentExperience plays a role in brain development

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Biological

Neural Plasticity & the role of experience
Brain
maturation = organized, hierarchical
structures change and grow through life
shaped by early experiences
Consequences of early traumatic experience
- Type of brain damage
- Specific lesionnormal processes ≠ disorganization or disruption of

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Biological Perspectives (cont.)

Genetic Contributions• Few specific genetic causes identified as underlying cause of
- psychopathologyGenetic contributions to psychological disorders come from many genes that each make relatively small contributions
Genes• Do not act alone
- • And environments interact Do not determine behavior

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Ecocultural model

Urie Bronfenbrenner
Environment series of nested contexts
Understand behavior? Understand contexts
Bi-directional

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Ecology

Child: center of interconnected networks
- Biological
  - Genes, physical
- Neurological
- Temperament• Brain structure, function, chemistry
  - Individual differences
  - Biological basis of personality

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16 (^) **Bronfenbrenner’s

Ecological Model** Microsystem

Direct Exosystem
Indirect Mesosystem
Connections Macrosystem
Culture

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Temperament

Thomas & Chess-- just ONE approach!
- NYLS = parent report
- Nine dimensions combined into profiles
Temperament types
- Easy
- Difficult
- Slow to Warm Up
Goodness of Fit
- Critical linkage child to social context

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Inhibited & Uninhibited Children

Kagan and colleagues
Coherent behavioral & physiological profilesover time
Two types do not capture all children, but two fundamental categories
Evident in infancy: CNS precursors• More reactive HPA axisÆ Inhibited
- Less reactive HPA axisÆ Uninhibited
**Malleable ****

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Temperament & Contexts

Home
- Influence OF ON materna

maternal style

Influence l style
School
Social networks and activities
Job and career

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Social Contexts over Development

Changing spheres of influence
Broadens over time
- Family, school, social groups, community…
Increasing choice over time
- Actively select niche
- Consistent with individual proclivities, temperament
Tiger and Shark…

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Cognitive: Piaget

Stage Theorist
Stages are pervasive
Successful mastery stage X requires successful mastery stage X-
Child biologically prepared for movement tosubsequent stages combined with active interaction with the environment - Neurobehavioral development
Force behind social and emotional

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26

Piaget

Sensori-Motor
- Repetition for pleasure and comfort
Pre-Operational
- Logic with limits; Egocentrism
Concrete Operations
- Can combine >1 logical operation at a time
Formal Operations
- Back up, see whole picture, evaluate premise

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27

Piaget implications DP

Sensori-Motor
- Sensori Memories
Pre-Operational
- It’s all my fault
Concrete Operations
- Parents are complicated; multidimensional
- 5-7 year shift: VERBAL
Formal Operations
- Argument enhanced; belief no out (suicide)

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28

Emotional Development

Freud: Psychosexual
- Stage theorist
- Physical development driving
  - Oral• Anal
  - Phallic
  - Latency
  - Genital

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Emotional Development

Erikson: Psychosocial
- Stage theorist• Social relationships driving
  - Trust v. Mistrust
  - Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
  - Initiative v. Guilt• Industry v. Inferiority
  - Identity v. Role Confusion
  - Intimacy v. Isolation
  - Generativity v. Stagnation• Integrity v. Despair

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30

Implications DP

Early deprivation
Off track for further development
SEQUENCE of stages
Optimal time passed, window NOT closed
More difficult to master
- Therapy

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31 (^) Emotional Development

Bowlby, Ainsworth, Main: Attachment
Primary attachments develop early
Basis: self concept, exploration, later relationships
Strange Situation
- Securely attached
- Insecure/anxious—avoidant
- Insecure/anxious—ambivalent
- Insecure/anxious—disorganized
Adult Attachment Interview

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32

Emotional Development

Sequence
- Primary emotions—e.g., joy, disgust, fear
- Secondary emotions—e.g., pride, shame
  - Require self evaluation in relation to set ofstandards; post 18-24 month shift
Emotion regulation: capacity to shift andmoderate in relation to welfare and context
- Express, recognize, understand, regulate

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FAMILY Baumrind: Parenting Styles Steinberg and others: Authoritative x cultures

LimitSetting

Warmth

High Authoritarian Authoritative

Low Neglectful Permissive

Low High

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Family System

Minuchin• Dynamic system—like a team—change one aspect
- Strive for homeostasis or balanceand the whole functioning is affected
Structure and boundaries
Problems• Emeshment—Inadequate separation
- Intrusiveness—overly controlling• Role Reversal “parentification”
- Seductiveness “spousification”

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39

Family change

Siblings
- Birth order and spacing; relative order & status
- Gender composition
- De-identification
Divorce• Age/gender of child
- Change in SES
- Marital conflict
- Continued relation between parents

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40

Social Development

Sociometrics
- Accepted
- Rejected
- Neglected• Controversial
Friendships
- ConvenienceÆActive selection
- Mutual Best Friend

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Cultural Context

Values of place and group
- eg, Germany—US, Holland—US, Japan—US• Differences within/differences between
In-group v. out-group• Access to social capital
- Expectations
Socioeconomic Status• Status and Resources = Opportunity

Neurobiological Perspectives on Behavior and Development: An Overview, Slides of Psychopathology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Neurobiological Perspectives on Behavior and Development: An Overview and more Slides Psychopathology in PDF only on Docsity!

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