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Exam Notes on Nature, Development & Structure of International Law, Study notes of International Law

Chaudhary Charan Singh UniversityInternational Law

Exam notes on the nature, development, and structure of international law. It covers topics such as the nature of international law, sources of international law, the relationship between international and municipal law, and the United Nations. The notes also discuss the concept of positivism and its relationship to international law.

What you will learn

  • How does positivism relate to international law?
  • What are the sources of international law?
  • What is the nature of international law?

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/18/2022

shweta-singhal
shweta-singhal 🇮🇳

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PUBLIC'INTERNATIONAL'LAW'EXAM'NOTES'
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PUBLIC!INTERNATIONAL!LAW!EXAM!NOTES!...................................................................................................................!1!
NATURE,!DEVELOPMENT!&!STRUCTURE!OF!INTERNATIONAL!LAW!(wk!01)!..................................................!3!
Nature!Of!International!Law:!................................................................................................................................................!3!
The!Enforcement!Problem!.....................................................................................................................................................!3!
Positivism!......................................................................................................................................................................................!3!
Introduction!to!the!United!Nations!.....................................................................................................................................!4!
International!Court!of!Justice!(ICJ)!.....................................................................................................................................!6!
Five!methods!of!conferral!(in!depth)!.................................................................................................................................!6!
International!Law!Commission!............................................................................................................................................!9!
SOURCES!OF!INTERNATIONAL!LAW!(WK02)!.................................................................................................................!11!
Statute!of!the!International!Court!of!Justice!................................................................................................................!11!
Formal!&!Material!Sources!..................................................................................................................................................!11!
Treaties!........................................................................................................................................................................................!12!
Custom!.........................................................................................................................................................................................!15!
Elements!Of!CIL!........................................................................................................................................................................!16!
1.!STATE!PRACTICE!(objective!element)!......................................................................................................................!16!
2.!OPINIO%JURIS!(subjective!element)!.............................................................................................................................!19!
UN!General!Assembly!Resolutions!and!Custom!.........................................................................................................!20!
THE!LAW!OF!TREATIES!(Wk03!&!Wk04)!.........................................................................................................................!23!
Elements!of!a!Treaty!..............................................................................................................................................................!23!
Exclusions!from!VCLT!............................................................................................................................................................!25!
Conclusion!of!Treaties!...........................................................................................................................................................!25!
Consent!to!be!Bound!..............................................................................................................................................................!25!
Ratification!.................................................................................................................................................................................!26!
Entry!into!Force!.......................................................................................................................................................................!26!
Reservations!..............................................................................................................................................................................!26!
Incompatibility!with!object!and!purpose!...........................................................................................................................!28!
Article(21(-(Legal(effects(of(reservations(and(of(objections(to(reservations!.......................................!28!
Article(22(-(Withdrawal(of(reservations(and(of(objections(to(reservations!.......................................!29!
Article(23(-(Procedure(regarding(reservations!...................................................................................................!29!
Invalidity!of!Treaties!..............................................................................................................................................................!30!
Termination!...............................................................................................................................................................................!31!
THE!RELATIONSHIP!BETWEEN!INTERNATIONAL!&!MUNICIPAL!LAW!.............................................................!33!
Monism!v!Dualism!...................................................................................................................................................................!33!
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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW EXAM NOTES

  • PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW EXAM NOTES
  • NATURE, DEVELOPMENT & STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (wk 01)
    • Nature Of International Law:
    • The Enforcement Problem
    • Positivism
    • Introduction to the United Nations.....................................................................................................................................
    • International Court of Justice (ICJ)
    • Five methods of conferral (in depth)
    • International Law Commission
  • SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (WK02)
    • Statute of the International Court of Justice
    • Formal & Material Sources
    • Treaties
    • Custom
    • Elements Of CIL
      1. STATE PRACTICE (objective element)
      1. OPINIO JURIS (subjective element)
    • UN General Assembly Resolutions and Custom
  • THE LAW OF TREATIES (Wk03 & Wk04)
    • Elements of a Treaty
    • Exclusions from VCLT............................................................................................................................................................
    • Conclusion of Treaties
    • Consent to be Bound
    • Ratification
    • Entry into Force
    • Reservations
  • Incompatibility with object and purpose...........................................................................................................................
    • Article 21 - Legal effects of reservations and of objections to reservations
    • Article 22 - Withdrawal of reservations and of objections to reservations
    • Article 23 - Procedure regarding reservations
    • Invalidity of Treaties
    • Termination
  • THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL & MUNICIPAL LAW
    • Monism v Dualism
    • Customary International Law In Municipal Law
    • Custom In Municipal Law (Australian Approach)
    • Custom Conflicting with Statute (Australian Approach)........................................................................................
    • Customary Crimes in Municipal Law
    • Customary Crimes in Municipal Law (Australian Approach)
    • Treaties in Municipal Law
    • ‘Hard’ Transformation Treaty Approach in Australia
    • Treaties: Legitimate Expectation?
  • PERSONALITY, STATEHOOD AND RECOGNITION
  • TITLE TO TERRITORY
    • Essence of Title
    • Transmission of Title
    • Modes of Acquisition..............................................................................................................................................................
    • Other Regions
  • STATE JURISDICTION
    • Concurrent Jurisdiction
    • Jurisdictional Limits
    • Civil Jurisdiction
    • Criminal Jurisdiction
    • Territoriality
    • Nationality
    • Passive Personality
    • Protective/Security Principle
    • Universality
    • Piracy
    • Genocide
    • Torture
    • War Crimes.................................................................................................................................................................................
    • Crimes Against Humanity
    • Prosecute or Extradite
  • IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION
  • STATE RESPONSIBILITY
    • Character and Basis of State Responsibility
    • Attribution
    • Breach
    • Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
  • Positivism was therefore an empirical method based on ascertaining objective, man-made rules as the sources of the law ( treaties, custom, etc).
  • An attempt to combine naturalism and positivism was made by the Swiss writer Emerich de Vattel … he emphasized the inherent rights which states derived from natural law, but said that they were accountable only to their own consciences for the observance of the duties imposed by natural law, unless they had expressly agreed to treat those duties as part of positive law. (Peter Malanczuk, Modern Introduction to International Law (1997) 17)

Introduction to the United Nations

  • Background & Formation after WWI Ø US President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points delivered 8 January 1918: - “14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.” Ø Paris Peace Conference: Treaty of Versailles contained Covenant of the League of Nations
  • Structure Ø Secretariat; Council; Assembly; Permanent Court of International Justice; International Labour Organisation; other organisations created by Covenant
  • Dissolution Ø Ceased to function in 1938 as WWII escalated, but continued de jure until 1945 Establishment Ø declaration by united nations 1.01. Ø 21 August to 7 October 1944: Washington Conversations on International peace and Security organisation; delegates concluded a set of Proposals for the Establishment of a General International Organization; effective draft of the UN Charter Ø UN Charter signed 26 June 1945 Ø UN comes into being on 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter is ratified

General Assembly

  • UN Charter Chapter IV Ø Article 9: “General Assembly shall consist of all Members of the United Nations” Ø Article 10: “may discuss any questions or matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council” Ø Article 12: “While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.” Ø Article 18: “Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote … Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority … These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council … the admission of new Members of to the United Nations … expulsion of Members … and budgetary questions.” Security Council
  • UN Charter Chapter V Ø Article 23: membership consists of 15 states: 5 permanent, 10 temporary Ø Article 24: In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its members confer on the Security Council primarily responsibility for the maintenance of International peace and security” Ø Article 25: The members of the UN agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council Ø Article 27: Each member of the SC shall have one vote … decisions on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members…decisions on all other matters