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Primate Evolution: Interpreting Variation in Fossil Record and Early Primate Evolution, Study notes of Physical anthropology

NorthWest Arkansas Community CollegePhysical anthropology

An anthropology lecture note from anth 1013 class, dated october 20, 2004. The topic covers primate evolution, focusing on interpreting variation in the fossil record and early primate evolution. The lecture discusses the importance of biological classification, types of variation affecting classification, morphological variation in fossil samples, and the genus level. It also covers the eras following the precambrian, the success of mammals, and the leading up to cenozoic. Information on the paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic eras, the first definite placental mammals, and the rise of major lineages of modern mammals.

Typology: Study notes

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Uploaded on 08/19/2009

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1Primate Evolution
Anth 1013 Lecture
20 October 2004
2Interpreting Variation in Fossil Record
nRemember:
qBiological classification
nAttempts to make meaningful biological statements about variation present
qTypes of variation affecting classification
nIndividual variation
qWhen observing a fossilized skeletal remains, you are only seeing one individual in a population
nAge changes
qDental development and size
nSexual dimorphism
qMarked variation in adult body size and proportions within the same species
3Interpreting Variation in Fossil Record
nRemember:
qSpecies is the category that we ultimately want to define (even when looking at the fossil record)
nBiological species
qTestable in living populations
qHow do we interpret variation in fossil groups?
nLevel of variation
qIntraspecific
nVariation within a species
qAttributable to individual, age, and sex differences
qInterspecific
nVariation between reproductively isolated populations (species)
4Interpreting Variation in Fossil Record
nMorphological variation in fossil sample
qComparable to that observed within species of living forms?
nIf yes, then we should not “split” sample into more than one species
qChoosing appropriate modern analogues
nTime and space
qLinnaean classification—static situations
qPaleospecies
nIndividual specimens possibly separated by millions of years
nTaxonomic boundaries somewhat arbitrary
5The Genus Level
nSeparating genera (plural of genus)
qRelative judgment
nHybridization in contemporary animals
qMore difficult in paleospecies
nBroad adaptive zones
qLess restrictive ecological niches than species
qTeeth provide excellent evidence concerning ecology
qCladistics
§Members should share same derived characters not seen in other genera
6Eras Following the Precambrian
nPaleozoic (570-225 mya)
qPermian (280-225 mya)
nMesozoic (225-65 mya)
qJurassic (190-136 mya)
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1 Primate Evolution

Anth 1013 Lecture

20 October 2004

2 Interpreting Variation in Fossil Record

n Remember:

q Biological classification n Attempts to make meaningful biological statements about variation present q Types of variation affecting classification n Individual variation q When observing a fossilized skeletal remains, you are only seeing one individual in a population n Age changes q Dental development and size n Sexual dimorphism q Marked variation in adult body size and proportions within the same species

3 Interpreting Variation in Fossil Record

n Remember:

q Species is the category that we ultimately want to define (even when looking at the fossil record) n Biological species q Testable in living populations q How do we interpret variation in fossil groups?

n Level of variation

q Intraspecific n Variation within a species q Attributable to individual, age, and sex differences q Interspecific n Variation between reproductively isolated populations (species)

4 Interpreting Variation in Fossil Record

n Morphological variation in fossil sample

q Comparable to that observed within species of living forms? n If yes , then we should not “split” sample into more than one species q Choosing appropriate modern analogues

n Time and space

q Linnaean classification—static situations q Paleospecies n Individual specimens possibly separated by millions of years n Taxonomic boundaries somewhat arbitrary

5 The Genus Level

n Separating genera (plural of genus)

q Relative judgment

n Hybridization in contemporary animals

q More difficult in paleospecies

n Broad adaptive zones q Less restrictive ecological niches than species q Teeth provide excellent evidence concerning ecology q Cladistics § Members should share same derived characters not seen in other genera

6 Eras Following the Precambrian

n Paleozoic (570-225 mya) q Permian (280-225 mya) n Mesozoic (225-65 mya) q Jurassic (190-136 mya)

2 n Cenozoic (65 mya to the present) q Tertiary (65-1.8 mya) n Paleocene n Eocene n Oligocene n Miocene n Pliocene q Quaternary (1.8 to the present) n Pleistocene n Holocene (^7) Leading Up to Cenozoic

n Late Mesozoic

q First definite placental mammals seen during late Mesozoic (ca. 70 mya) q Mesozoic mammals were small (about the size of mice)

n Cenozoic (Age of Mammals)

q Successful mammalian radiation occurs largely during this period q Rise of major lineages of modern mammals q Mammals and birds replaced reptiles as dominant terrestrial vert ebrates (^8) Success of Mammals n Larger brains n Longer, more intense period of growth and development

q Internal fertilization and internal development

n Oviparous: incubate externally by laying eggs n Viviparous : development in utero q Major innovation among terrestrial vertebrates

q Heterodonty

n Tooth shapes of different types n Primitive mammalian dental formula is 3:1:4:

q Endothermy

(^9) Early Primate Evolution n Paleocene (ca. 65-55 mya) q Mammalian radiation q Primitive primates split from early placental mammals n Plesiadapiforms? n Colugo (“flying lemur”)? n Eocene (55-34 mya) q Large number of fossils recovered q Over 200 recognized species q Definite primate features q Probably an evolutionary precursor to the strepsirhines (lemurs and lorises) q Anthropoids in China? n 45 mya n Cranial fossil evidence is lacking (^10) Early Primate Evolution (cont.) n Oligocene (34-23 mya) q Many fossilized remains of several species of anthropoids q Old World n Fayum, Egypt q New World q Earliest forms may be ancestral to Old and New World forms q By early Oligocene, continental drift had separated New World n Old and New World lineages have been separated by at least 35 mi llion years (^11) The Miocene (ca. 22-5 mya) n Diverse group of hominoids emerged in and radiated throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe n Most likely, many more forms of hominoids existed then than today