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NR 130 exam 1 Questions 100%
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geosphere - ANSWERsolid earth composed principally of rock and regolith where energy that comes into the Earth system from outside sources meets energy that comes from within the planet. hydrosphere - ANSWERtotality of Earth's water, including the oceans, lakes, streams, water underground and snow and ice. atmosphere - ANSWERthe mixture of gases, predominately nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor surrounding Earth in a thin, outer boundary that protects Earth. biosphere - ANSWERall of Earth's organisms and organic matter not yet completely decomposed. anthroposphere - ANSWERpart of the natural system modified by humans for human purposes, or as a result of human activities; the human sphere and the built environment. tectonic cycle - ANSWERthe process by which Earth's major geologic features are formed. theory - ANSWERa hypothesis that has been examined and found to withstand numerous tests. scientific method - ANSWERbased on observation and the systematic collection of evidence that can be seen and tested by anyone with resources. cryosphere - ANSWERthe part of the Earth's surface that remains perennially frozen. hydrologic cycle - ANSWERthe movement of water between the various reservoirs of the hydrosphere. hypothesis - ANSWERan unproved explanation for the way things happen. system - ANSWERany portion of the universe that can be isolated from the rest of the universe for the purposes of observing and measuring change. Earth system science - ANSWERthe science that studies the whole Earth as a system of many interacting parts and focuses on the changes within and between these parts. cycle - ANSWERthe constant, repeated movement of matter or energy from one reservoir to another.
What are the four reservoirs that comprise Earth? - ANSWERatmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere regolith - ANSWERthe irregular blanket of loose, noncemented rock particles that covers the earth. galaxy - ANSWERa cluster of a billion or more stars, plus gas and dust, that is held together by gravity. meteorite - ANSWERpiece of natural debris that falls to Earth moon - ANSWERa natural object in a regular orbit around a planet nebular hypothesis - ANSWERthe proposition that the Sun and planets formed from a huge, swirling cloud of cosmic gas and dust planet - ANSWERa natural body in orbit around a star that is massive enough to be spherical and to have cleared its orbital path of another object planetary accretion - ANSWERthe process by which bits of condensed solid matter were gathered to form the planets solar nebula - ANSWERa flattened rotating disc of gas and dust surrounding the Sun solar system - ANSWERthe group of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and other natural objects in orbit around the sun terrestrial planets - ANSWERMercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, which have high densities and rocky compositions. Sun - ANSWERan ordinary star that is dominated by hydrogen and helium at 98% of its mas and provides the light and energy for life to exist on Earth Who mainly is responsible for terra-shaping in the Anthropocene? - ANSWERHumans Sand Wars - ANSWERthe world is running out of sand. It takes 200 tons of sand to build a house and 3000 tons of sand to build a hospital. The loss of sand from the oceans is the common thread that connects all the species, which causes species collapse. Tsunamis traveling across the ocean can be monitored, including their velocity and size. Because of this, with a coordinated watch system using satellites and other monitoring equipment, time of arrival to a certain location can be predicted accurately. - ANSWERTrue A mega-thrust earthquake is where a subducting plate is being overriden by another plate. - ANSWERTrue
Which of the following is an example of the complete scientific method? - ANSWERUsing knowledge of chemistry to predict the ozone hole, and then making measurements that agree with these predictions. Scientific laws can never be disproven. - ANSWERFalse The ________ is the totality of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, and all the snow and ice. - ANSWERHydrosphere Water vapor is considered to be part of the hydrosphere. - ANSWERFalse The planets formed when bits of solid matter from the solar nebula were drawn together by gravitational attraction and accretion. - ANSWERTrue The nebular hypothesis proposes that the solar system formed from a huge, swirling cloud of cosmic gas and dust. - ANSWERTrue The Sun converts mass into energy by: - ANSWERNuclear fusion What is the widely accepted age of the Universe? - ANSWER13.7 billion years Earth's moon is a result of a comet captured within Earth's gravitational field. - ANSWERFalse According to the nebular hypothesis: - ANSWERPlanets should rotate in the same direction as they revolve around the Sun. The sun is the center of our solar system. - ANSWERTrue What is believed to be the reason for Earth's tilt relative to the plane of the ecliptic? - ANSWERThe collision with the Mars sized object called Theia about 4.5 billion years ago (which led to the formation of the Moon.) Icy comets that were originally orbiting in the inner part of the solar system could have met which of several fates? - ANSWERCollision with a planet or a plantesimal. The loss of their icy constituents due to volatilization. Being swept to the outer part of the solar system by a strong solar wind. When two plates capped by dense oceanic crust converge, one of the plates will subduct beneath the other plate. - ANSWERTrue Earth's diameter is increasing significantly due to the generation of new ocean crust.
- ANSWERFalse What type of plate boundary created the Himalaya Mountains? - ANSWERConvergent Where are the youngest seafloor rocks found? - ANSWERNearest the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges.
What type of plate boundary created Japan? - ANSWERConvergent What type of plate boundary is associated with the San Andreas Fault in California? - ANSWERTransform Where is active sea-floor spreading occurring today? - ANSWERRed Sea Why are the continents about 20 times older than the oldest ocean basins? - ANSWERBecause ocean basins form from spreading centers, which produces new oceanic crust. Because continental material is low-density and does not get thrust into the subduction zone. What is a subduction zone? - ANSWERWhere one lithospheric plate is dragged or pushed below another lithospheric plate. Studies of rock paleomagnetism have revealed the ancient positions of Earth's magnetic poles. - ANSWERTrue What type of plate boundary created the Andes Mountains? - ANSWERConvergent What type of plate boundary created Iceland? - ANSWERDivergent Mount Saint Helens is an example of what type of volcano? - ANSWERStratovolcano Along what type of plate boundary will shallow-focus earthquakes be the general type of earthquake (i.e., rarely, will a deep-focus earthquake occur here)? - ANSWERDivergent boundary Most seismic activity takes place along passive tectonic plate boundaries. - ANSWERFalse What are primary effects of earthquake damage (those that cause direct damage to buildings, infrastructure, and the landscape)? - ANSWERGround motion and surface rupture Of the following states, which is most prone to earthquakes? - ANSWERCalifornia Mount Vesuvius is an example of what type of volcano? - ANSWERStratovolcano The area where we find the most active volcanoes are along the - ANSWERPacific Rim When molten rock reaches the surface, it's called - ANSWERLava Let's assume an earthquake occurs somewhere along the San Andreas fault. A seismograph based in Los Angeles, California monitors the earthquake. In which order will the seismic waves reach the seismograph? - ANSWERP-waves followed by S-waves followed by Surface waves.
The huge continental ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica contain about 95% of existing glacial ice. - ANSWERTrue Icebergs float with most of their volume above sea level. - ANSWERFalse How are icebergs formed? - ANSWERBy pieces of glacial ice breaking off the glacier. The North Pole is located in the Antarctic continent, covered by a vast, thick ice sheet. - ANSWERFalse Which of the following is not a component of the cryosphere? - ANSWERSeawater When did the most recent ice age begin? - ANSWERAbout 70,000 years ago. The cryosphere is the part of the Earth's surface that is perennially frozen. - ANSWERTrue Sea ice is in constant motion, driven by winds and currents. - ANSWERTrue
