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Asthma correct answers >> Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles What are 5 s/s of asthma correct answers >> coughing wheezing shortness of breath rapid breathing chest tightness Pathophysiology of asthma (5) correct answers >> -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm -excess mucus production and accumulation -hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle -airflow obstruction
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Asthma correct answers >> Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles What are 5 s/s of asthma correct answers >> coughing wheezing shortness of breath rapid breathing chest tightness Pathophysiology of asthma (5) correct answers >> -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation -hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle -airflow obstruction -decreased alveolar ventilation Bronchioles correct answers >> smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli 3 layers of the bronchioles correct answers >> innermost layer middle layer - lamina propria outermost layer lamina propria correct answers >> the middle layer of the bronchioles structure of the lamina propria correct answers >> embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells purpose of the lamina propria correct answers >> white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar correct answers >> -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
bronchitis correct answers >> inflammation of the bronchial tubes 3 characteristics of bronchitis correct answers >> bronchial inflammation hypersecretion of mucus chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years Perfusion correct answers >> The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion correct answers
cyanosis right to left shunting chronic hypoxemia Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis correct answers >> there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) correct answers >> - smooth muscle hypertrophy
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the lungs? correct answers >> leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? correct answers >> respiratory acidosis how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? correct answers >> hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO retention Where does air enter the body? correct answers >> naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose) Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? correct answers >> it passes through the trachea After air passes through the trachea where does it go? correct answers >> goes into the left or right bronchi Where does air flow after the bronchi? correct answers >> into the smaller bronchioles
What type of relationship does heart rate and stroke volume have? correct answers >> inverse low HR = longer fill time = increase stroke volume high HR = lower fill time = lower stroke volume What is preload? correct answers >> the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts/ amount of blood entering the ventricles during diastole average amount of preload? correct answers >> 120- mls When fibers stretch during diastole how does that effect contraction? correct answers >> contraction is stronger What happens when cardiac fibers overstretch during diastole? correct answers >> decreased contraction due to fibers being unable to snap back What can cause increased preload correct answers >> CHF and hypervolemia
What can cause decreased preload correct answers >> cardiac tamponade and hypovolemia What are two common causes of hypovolemia correct answers >> dehydration and hemorrhage Afterload correct answers >> the amount of resistance to open the semilunar valves and eject of blood from the ventricle what influences afterload (3) correct answers >> ventricle wall thickness (muscle strength) arterial pressure (resistance to ejection) ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity) what can cause an increase in afterload correct answers >> systemic hypertension valve disease COPD (pulmonary hypertension) what can decrease afterload correct answers >> hypotension or vasodilation
What does the parasympathetic system do? correct answers >> It releases acetycholine which decreases heart rate and causes vasodilation What can extreme vagal response result in? correct answers >> life threatening bradycardia What mediates the sympathetic system correct answers >> epinephrine and norepinephrine What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system correct answers >> vasoconstriction and increased HR What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? correct answers >> reduced stroke volume and fatigue What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? correct answers >> diastole and systole What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles correct answers >> gravity and atriole systole
What causes the S1 heart sound? correct answers >> Bicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid valves closing What are the atrioventricular valves? correct answers >> tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves What are the semilunar valves? correct answers >> pulmonary and aortic valves What causes the semilunar valves to open? correct answers
As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing them to open ejection fraction correct answers >> measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction What causes the semilunar valves to close? correct answers ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves
Left sided heart failure characteristic correct answers >> inability of the left ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation Causes of left sided heart failure correct answers >> systemic hypertension left ventricle MI LV hypertrophy Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage Secondary to right heart failure How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure correct answers >> The hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker structure that holds more blood How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure correct answers >> damage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection Biventricular failure correct answers >> unresolved left sided heart failure will increase pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure as well
How does heart failure progress from hypertension? correct answers >> - high systemic vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase contraction force to eject the blood
why does peripheral edema occur in right sided heart failure correct answers >> Increased pressure forces fluid from the systemic capillaries into the peripheral tissues and flood those areas High output failure correct answers >> inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood to meet the circulatory needs of the body despite normal blood volume and cardiac contractility causes of high output failure correct answers >> Severe anemia Nutritional deficiencies Hyperthyroidism Sepsis Extreme febrile state Process of high output failure correct answers >> - impaired oxygen delivery of excessive tissue oxygen demands cause tissue hypoxia
