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Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection? correct answers >> Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)? correct answers >> Pregnancy A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes: correct answers >> urgency Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra. correct answers >> true Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI? correct answers >> Increase water consumption
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Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection? correct answers >> Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)? correct answers >> Pregnancy A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes: correct answers >> urgency
Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra. correct answers >> true Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI? correct answers >> Increase water consumption Uncomplicated UTI correct answers >> Occurs in the normal urinary tract Responds well to short course of antibiotic therapy Simple cystitis in non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities Complicated UTI correct answers >> UTI extends beyond the bladder Caused by structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or untreated UTI Infants and older adults affected Associated with: indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
to have red and excoriated skin between the buttocks and inner thighs due to urinary frequency and dribbling. To help with skin healing and to prevent further urine leakage, an indwelling catheter was inserted. Two days after the catheter was placed, the patient spiked a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit associated with shaking chills. An intense, foul odor was noted in the urine. On examination of the flank area, the patient yelled out when touched. A urine c correct answers >> pyelonephritis Identify the major risk factor J.S. has that is associated with pyelonephritis: correct answers >> indwelling foley catheter The urinalysis of a patient with a complicated UTI will show WBCs and casts correct answers >> true Upon examination of a urinalysis, the NP can highly suspect that the causative bacteria are gram negative because of the presence of: correct answers >> nitrites
A 21-year-old patient reports to the primary care clinic complaining of urinary urgency, frequency and burning. She also reports a small amount of vaginal discharge that contains an odor. It is likely that the NP will perform a vaginal exam at this visit. correct answers >> true The NP would know that the patient most likely has an uncomplicated UTI because: correct answers >> The UTI responds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy. A common organism that causes a urinary tract infection include: correct answers >> Staphylococcus saprophyticus. E coli The purpose of straining in BPH is to overcome the obstruction encountered during urination. correct answers >> true
obstructive symptoms correct answers >> incomplete emptying post-void dribbling The action of a 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor causes: correct answers >> Shrinkage of the prostate gland. Men who have BPH are prone to developing a UTI because: correct answers >> Stagnated urine in the bladder promotes bacterial growth. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) helps to liquefy semen post-ejaculation. correct answers >> true The underlying cause of BPH is that normal prostate cells respond to increases in dihydrotestosterone that causes them to live longer and multiply. correct answers >> true
The location of the characteristic hyperplastic nodules of BPH is: correct answers >> In the periurethral zone. The type of stone that forms due to a urinary tract infection is: correct answers >> Struvite stone. Renal stones are formed when calcium and oxalate in the urine combine. correct answers >> true Renal calculi are typically confined to the bladder. correct answers >> false The most common type of stone is: correct answers
calcium stone The gold standard for diagnosing a renal stone is a urinalysis. correct answers >> false (ct scan)
The most common stone found in the patient with gout is: correct answers >> uric acid stone Hematuria can be seen with kidney stones because: correct answers >> The stone injures the urinary structures as it passes through them. Renal colic is caused by the passing of the stone through the ureter. correct answers >> true At least half of individuals with renal stones will have a reoccurrence within 10 years of the prior stone. correct answers >> true Which of the following actions will relax the detrusor muscle of the bladder? correct answers >> Activation of Beta-2 receptors by the sympathetic nervous system.
The relay station in the brain that plays a major role in regulating micturition is: correct answers >> Pontine micturition center. The location of the internal sphincter is under the urogenital diaphragm. correct answers >> false (located in the bladder) When the bladder is empty, the detrusor muscle relaxes, and the internal and external sphincters constrict. correct answers >> true The levator ani muscle plays a major role in constriction of the external sphincter. correct answers >> true stress incontinence correct answers >> leakage of urine with activity Increased intra-abdominal pressure causes leaking because there is no resistance to counteract the intra- abdominal pressure
when she coughs, sneezes, or lifts a heavy object. She indicates that she has not experienced any dysuria or any urgency. The NP looked at the patient's previous urine culture obtained approximately 1 month ago and determined that it was negative. Other than her urinary complaints, she is in otherwise good health. BP 128/76; HR 78 bpm; T 98.6; Ht. 5'4"; Wt: 180lbs.; BMI 30.9. The NP performs a physical exam and all findings are normal. The urinalysis obtained was negative as well. Based on patient's symptoms and negative physical exam, she has a typical
A sphincter malfunction that prevents urine from flowing out of the bladder would most likely result in: correct answers >> overflow incontinence The major cause of stress incontinence in women is hypermobility of the external sphincter. correct answers >> true The pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder is: correct answers >> Lesions alter nervous system impulses that innervate the detrusor muscle to decrease bladder compliance and decreased sphincter tone. Involuntary loss of urine caused by dementia or immobility is known as: correct answers >> functional incontinence Which of the following is considered be a transient cause of urinary incontinence? correct answers >> UTI
Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Pre-renal correct answers >> sudden and severe drop in blood pressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness Intra-renal correct answers >> direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply Post-renal correct answers >> sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, or injury In post-renal failure, the damage occurs in the collecting duct. correct answers >> truen In intrinsic renal failure, sodium and water excretion is increased which leads to a dilute urine. correct answers >> true
Which of the following is the best indicator of a good prognosis for recovery from acute renal failure? correct answers >> The kidney responds to furosemide Which of the following is true regarding creatinine? correct answers >> Creatinine gets freely filtered from the glomerulus. One of the issues that requires management of a patient with acute renal failure is hypokalemia correct answers >> false (Hyperkalemia) The result of vitamin D deficiency results in: correct answers >> hypocalcemia The number one cause of end-stage renal disease is diabetes mellitus and hypertension combined. correct answers >> true
stage 4 correct answers >> There is a severe decrease in GFR (15-29) stage 5 correct answers >> Kidney failure- End- stage renal disease (<15 dialysis) Need dialysis with these symptoms correct answers
Metabolic acidosis. Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis. Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol). Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics. Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
The decision to begin dialysis is guided by the patient's symptoms rather than GFR. correct answers >> true Diuretic therapy is used in Stage IV kidney failures to stimulate kidney function. correct answers >> false (diuretics used for stages 1-111 and dialysis for 4 and
The major acid/base disturbance in renal failure is: correct answers >> metabolic acidosis Dietary management of a patient with CKD includes: correct answers >> low potassium, low sodium, and low phosphate The Monoamine Deficiency Theory states that the underlying basis of depression is low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. correct answers >> true
