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NR503 Final Exam (Newest-2023, Version-1)/ NR 503
Final Exam/ NR503 Epidemiology Final Exam/ NR 503
Epidemiology Final Exam: Chamberlain College of
Nursing (Verified Questions & Answers)
Case reports - answers - :succinct written accounts of generally rare unusual cases in which
treatment of management of the disease is worth reporting
Case series - answers - :Report of a series of patients with similar diseases or conditions that
describe their management or treatment in order to identify new strategies that will be helpful to treat patients with similar conditions
Correlation studies - answers - :Used to conduct studies of aggregate or population
characteristics. Rates calculated for characteristics that describe populations and are used to compare frequencies between different groups at the same time or the same group at different times. Useful for identifying long-term trends & seasonal patterns, Cannot be linked to exposure in individuals.
Cross-sectional studies - answers - :a study in which people of different ages are compared with
one another. Exposures and outcomes are collected at the same time. Excludes people who have died or choose not to participate to reduce by us. Usually surveys that sample a population and characteristics
Analytic epidemiology - answers - :Looks at origins and casual factors of disease and other
health related events. Often carried out to test hypotheses formulated from descriptive studies.
Cohort studies, case control study, randomized controlled trials - answers - :Executed with a goal
to identify factors that increase or decrease risk
Screening tools - answers - :Can utilize to detect disease in groups of asymptomatic individuals
with the goal of reducing and/or preventing morbidity and mortality
Screening tests - answers - :applied to groups of individuals or to high-risk populations. For
example pap smears, TB test, mammograms. should be inexpensive, easy to administer, and have minimal side effects
Causation for population research - answers - :an increase in the causal factor or exposure
causes an increase in the outcome of interest
preclinical disease - answers - :start of disease, no symptoms, not always detectable
clinical disease - answers - :disease present with recognizable symptoms "treatment stage"
nonclinical disease - answers - :consists of 4 stages: preclinical, subclinical, chronic/persistent,
latent
preclinical - answers - :no symptoms but destined to progress
subclinical - answers - :disease is present, not destined to progress clinically
chronic/persistent - answers - :disease persists over time
latent disease - answers - :disease with no active multiplication of biological agent
Where to find screening test guideline - answers - :U.S. Preventative Services Task Force
(USPSTF)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
active surveillance - answers - :project staff carries out a current surveillance of a disease
through active data collection
passive surveillance - answers - :available data on a reportable disease is used to make note of
or observe disease and info is pulled from database
elements of surveillance - answers - :mortality
morbidity epidemic reporting epidemic field investigation lab reporting individual case investigation surveys utilization of biological agents and drugs, distribution of animals reservoirs/vectors, demographic/environmental data
Case-control study - answers - :determines if exposure is associated with an outcome,
retrospective, inexpensive and quick
Cohort studies - answers - :prospective/retrospective, can be time-consuming, expensive,
higher risk of withdrawal bias if participants drop out over time
prospective studies - answers - :begins with a defined population and then follows a group of
people who were exposed or not exposed to compare incidence of outcome
retrospective studies - answers - :exposure is ascertained from past records and outcomes are
ascertained as the study begins
bias/systematic error - answers - :broken down into two categories: selection and information
selection bias - answers - :occurs when selected subjects in a sample are not representative of
the population of interest or comparison group
withdrawal bias - answers - :can occur when people of certain characteristics drop out of a
group at a different rate than they do in another group or are lost to follow-up at a different rate
volunteer bias - answers - :people who volunteer to participate in a study may have
characteristics that are different from people who do not volunteer impacting outcome of results
information bias - answers - :bias in how information and data are collected
exclusion information bias - answers - :can occur when one applies different eligibility criteria to
the cases and control groups
measurement bias - answers - :occurs during data collection possible caused by an error in
collecting info for an exposure or outcome.
misclassification differential bias - answers - :occurs when a case is misclassified into exposure
groups more often than controls
misclassification bias - answers - :a control may be recorded as a case or a case is classified as
having an exposure incorrectly
cohort study - answers - :used when nurse has good evidence that links an exposure to an
outcome. example: exercise as a method to prevent heart disease
relative risk - answers - :the incidence rate in the exposed group divided by the incidence rate in
the nonexposed group. measures strength of association between an exposure and an outcome/disease
attributable risk - answers - :amount of risk that can be attributed to an exposure
scientific misconduct - answers - :fraud. includes gift authorship, data fabrication, plagiarism,
conflict of interest
random error - answers - :Measurements are either too high or too low in equal amounts
because of random factor. Less serious than bias because they generally don't distort findings
confounding error - answers - :occurs when it appears that a true association exists between an
exposure and an outcome but in reality, the association is from another variable or exposure. a situation in which an exposure and an outcome is distorted by the presence of another variable.
Common risk factors - answers - :unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use
Childhood risk - answers - :conditions before birth and early in childhood influence health in
adult life.
Risk accumulation - answers - :Ageing is an important marker of the accumulation of modifiable
risks for chronic disease
Underlying determinants - answers - :a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic,
and cultural change. I.e. globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and general policy environment
Poverty - answers - :interconnected with chronic disease in a vicious circle increasing exposure
to risks and decreased access to health services
Primary prevention - answers - :aims to prevent disease. I.e. banning hazardous products,
educating on healthy/safe habits, immunizations
Secondary prevention - answers - :reduce impact of disease or injury that has already occurred.
I.e. screening tests, low-dose ASA, suitably modified work
Tertiary prevention - answers - :aims to soften impact of ongoing illness. I.e. cardiac or stroke
rehab, support groups, vocational rehab
Cross Cultural Health Care Program (CCHCP) - answers - :materials to improve cultural
competency among health providers to provide healthcare interventions and other cultural variants
Marginalization - answers - :Major cause of vulnerability referring to exposure to a range of
possible harms
Variables at risk for marginalization - answers - :high risk health literacy, cultural barriers, low
english proficiency
Cultural competence - answers - :a dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual,
system or health care agency find meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those whom they render care
Accommodation - answers - :To create an environment that accomodates health practice and
ritual from other cultures within a plan of care
Acculturation - answers - :degree to which an individual from one culture has given up the traits
of that culture and adopted the traits of the dominant culture in which they now reside
Assimilation - answers - :the social, economic, and political integration of a cultural group into
mainstream society to which it may have emigrated
Genetics - answers - :place patients at higher risk for certain disease and if family history reveals
this a screening tool could be used to determine the likelihood of a person developing the disease
Genetic risk assessment - answers - :when a patient is determined to have a gene that places
them at a higher risk of having a disease such as cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease
Genomics - answers - :study of all genes in the human genome as well as their interaction with
other genes, the individuals environment, and the influence of cultural and psychosocial factors
Pharmacogenomics - answers - :medication efficacy, toxicity, and drug interaction based on
genetic variations
Components of genetic risk assessment - answers - :Accurate family history for 3 generations or
genetic blood testing to reveal genes
Relationship between genetics and environment - answers - :a patient may have a gene
increasing risks of disease while also being exposed to environmental factors that also increase risk for disease. i.e. lung cancer and radon gas
Cultural competence - answers - :A dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual,
system or healthcare agency find meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based in knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those to whom they tender care
Norms and values - answers - :Specific practices that guide their actions and decisions of each
person in a group based on their culture. Can be either learned or shared.
Kleinman Explanatory Model - answers - :A set of questions the advanced practice nurse can use
in order to assess the culture of a patient
Socio economic status - answers - :A measure that takes into account three interrelated
dimensions: a persons income level, education level, and type of occupation. Some measures of socioeconomic status use only one dimension such as income.
Disparities - answers - :A higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by
one group in relation to another
Minorities - answers - :A group of people who because of their physical or cultural
characteristics are singled out from the others in society; black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian Pacific.
Food desert - answers - :Neighborhoods and communities that have limited access to affordable
and nutritious food
Social determinants of health - answers - :Things like poverty, education level, racism, income
and poor housing that affect access to healthcare
Social justice theory - answers - :The goal that all people will have equal opportunity to
healthcare access and quality of healthcare will be the same
Disaster epidemiology - answers - :The use of epidemiology to assess the short and long term
adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of future disasters. It brings together various topic areas of epidemiology including a cute and communicable disease, environmental health, occupational health, chronic disease, injury, mental health, and behavioral health
WHO - answers - :(World Health Organization) specialized agency of the United Nations that is
concerned with international public health. The world health organization recognized that international collaboration could control infectious disease better than any single country.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - answers - :Goals resulting from a UN-led effort to end
extreme poverty by focusing on 17 key indicators, the top five of which are no poverty, zero hunger, good health, quality education, and gender equality, with key benchmarks for 2030.
Universal declaration of human rights - answers - :All people have the right to a standard of
living that guarantees health
Call to Action - answers - :Call for nurses and midwives to assume a leadership role in
addressing planetary health because nurses and midwives are the most numerous and most patient centered component of the health workforce. This leader ship begins with educating ourselves, students, staff, patient, and communities about planetary health by engaging in political and policy processes
Community health needs assessment - answers - :Assessing whether or not the region has the
community resources that it needs.
situation analysis - answers - :To analyze and identify the relationships among patterns of
morbidity, mortality, and disability within the demographic and other factors shaping thecircumstances of the population of a specified community, country, or region.
Culture - answers - :Practices, beliefs, values, norms (can be learned or shared) which guides the
actions and decisions of each person in the group.
Cultural Organizing Factors - answers - :Communication, personal space, social organization,
time perception, environmental control, and biological variations
Macro-scale influences - answers - :Broad understandings of illness, suffering and healing. Social
roles and bureaucratic and economic context of health care services
Micro-scale influences - answers - :Face-to-face interaction at front-lines. Successful and failed
communication efforts.
cultural awareness - answers - :An in-depth self-examination of one's own background,
recognizing biases, prejudices, and assumptions about other people
Cultural Humility - answers - :incorporates a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-
critique, to redressing the power imbalances in the patient-clinician dynamic and to developing mutually beneficial and advocacy partnerships with communities on behalf of individuals and defined populations
Cultural Knowledge - answers - :obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the
various worldviews of different cultures. Obtaining knowledge regarding biological variations, disease, and health conditions and variations in drug metabolism.
Cultural Skill - answers - :Ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the client's health
history and presenting problem and conduct a culturally sensitive assessment.
Cultural Desire - answers - :Motivation of the provider to want to engage in the process of
cultural competence, characteristics of compassion, authenticity, humility, openness, availability, and flexibility, commitment, and passion to caring regardless of conflict.
Nationality - answers - :Country of birth
Genetic Evaluation - answers - :Medical history, testing, counseling, next steps, family risk
Pandemic - answers - :Global epidemic of disease that spreads to more than one continent
Outbreak - answers - :The occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would
normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, and time of year.
Quarantine - answers - :The separation and restrictions of the movement of people who were or
are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill.
Isolation - answers - :The separation of sick people with a contagious disease from those who
are not ill.
Epidemiological Triangle - answers - :Explains causation
Caustive Agent - answers - :Those factors from which presence or absence cause disease
Susceptible host - answers - :Things such as she, gender, race, immune status, genetics
Environment - answers - :diverse elements such as water, food, neighborhood, pollution
Sustainable Development Goals - answers - :agreement between countries to create an
environment at the national and global levels alike conductive to development and the elimination of poverty
Climate change - answers - :due to human activity, trigger global migration, and local relocation
due to sea level rise.
Population health - answers - :the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the
distribution of such outcomes within the group. I.e. seatbelt laws, no smoking areas, allergy free schools.
Risk reduction - answers - :the health protection when individuals participate in behaviors that
enable then to react to actual or potential threats
Assessment - answers - :the gathering of information abut a patient's physiological,
psychological, sociological, and spiritual status.
Outcomes - answers - :an end result that follows some kind of healthcare profession, treatment,
or intervention and may describe a patient's condition or health status
Public health policy - answers - :collected laws, regulations, and approaches taken to make a
decision including a wide range of topics including health care reform, insurance reform with an eye to individuals who are not covered by an employer or a group, and the prevention and control of communicable diseases.
Ethics - answers - :practices with compassion and respect committed to patient, family,
community, and population promoting, advocating, and protecting the rights, health, and safety of the patient.
Fairness - answers - :the state, condition, or quality of being fair or free of bias or injustice
Internal Validity - answers - :Whether the study measures what it was supposed to measure
secondary prevention - answers - :Interventions aimed at detecting a disease early in its course
Tertiary prevention - answers - :Limiting the effects of the disease once it is established
True Positive (TP) - answers - :Occurs when the test correctly reports disease presence when
disease is in fact present
False positive - answers - :Occurs when the test incorrectly reports disease presence when
disease is, in fact absent
False negative - answers - :Occurs when the test incorrectly reports the abscence of disease
when disease is in fact present
Campaign for action - answers - :Encouraged by Robert Wood, focuses on specific aspects of
health and healthcare based on the Institute of Medicine's recommendations. They aim to improve health through nursing.
Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR) - answers - :Provisional weekly updates of
reportable diseases can be accessed electronically
National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) - answers - :Major surgery source
conducted through mobile examination centers held at randomly selected sites throughout the US
National Healthcare Quality Report (NHQR) - answers - :Intent is to respond to the status of
healthcare quality in the US, identify where improvements are needed, and describe how the quality of health are is given to the population over time.
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) - answers - :Collects official records of birth, deaths,
marriages, divorces, fetal deaths, and induced terminations of pregnancies from state and local departments
Social justice theory - answers - :Addresses the availability or equal access to healthcare to all
individuals and speaks to equal quality of care without prejudice
Social determinants of health and inequalities - answers - :Areas APRN can utilize to inform and
guide practice to develop socioculturally appropriate interventions. Related to where patients are born, grow up, work, live and the healthcare system available to them
Vital statistics - answers - :quantitative data concerning a population, such as the number of
births, marriages, and deaths.
Morbidity - answers - :presence of illness or disease
Mortality - answers - :Related to the tracking of deaths within an aggregate
Cases - answers - :Instances of disease
Surveillance - answers - :Collection, analysis, dissemination of data
Social justice - answers - :distribution of goods or services within a societal context
Incidence - answers - :Measures the appearance of a disease
Prevalence - answers - :Measures the existence of disease
