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NREMT FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
PEA - Correct answer pulseless electrical activity ventricular fibrillation - Correct answer shockable rhythm, heart rhythm problem that occurs when the heart beats with rapid, erratic electrical impulses. This causes pumping chambers in your heart (the ventricles) to quiver uselessly, instead of pumping blood. Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) - Correct answer shockable rhythm, in which the lower chambers of your heart (ventricles) beat very quickly because of a problem in your heart's electrical system. What can albuterol treat? - Correct answer Albuterol can quickly relieve shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. relaxes muscles in the airways and increases air flow to the lungs. Dyspnea - Correct answer difficult or labored breathing peripheral vascular disease (PVD) - Correct answer narrowing of the blood vessels that carry blood to the extremities Medical condition "pink puffer" referring to? - Correct answer A descriptive term for a patient with COPD and severe emphysema, who has a pink complexion and dyspnea (labored breathing) Ronchi (gurgles) - Correct answer Rhonchi are breathing sounds that are indicative of an airway obstruction Hypoxia - Correct answer Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood Mottling - Correct answer changes in skin color (pale and bluish) of the hands, arms, feet, and legs when death is near Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with cardiac related chest pain? - Correct answer Jaw pain
the right ventricle is responsible for which of the following actions? - Correct answer Pumping blood into the lungs What are nitroglycerin's contraindications? - Correct answer 1. Hypotension or systolic below 90-
- Pulse below 50 or above 100
- Head injury
- Infant or child
- Already maxed out
- Patient has recently taken erectile dysfunction meds The medical term that refers to the time period before delivery is: - Correct answer Antepartum Cephalic presentation is _____? - Correct answer Normal position of childbirth where the head enters the pelvis first. In supine hypotensive syndrome, the uterus becomes large enough that, when laying supine, it compresses which blood vessel? - Correct answer Inferior vena cava Sager Splint - Correct answer unipolar traction splint Hare Model - Correct answer Bipolar traction splint mechanical traction - Correct answer can be used to apply cervical or lumbar traction An evisceration style injury is characterized by which of the following? - Correct answer Open style injury with protruding organs Severe preeclampsia - Correct answer is a condition that results with the pregnant patient presenting with a blood pressure > 160/110. The condition would progress to eclampsia if the patient were to begin having a seizure A S.O.A.P. pre-hospital care report consists of 4 distinct parts. What do they stand for? - Correct answer Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan
APGAR - Correct answer activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration. Done right after and 5 minutes after birth, is 0-2 scale for each, total of 10 crackles (rales) - Correct answer popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or pneumonia What are the four colors used in triage and what do they indicate? - Correct answer to indicate level of care for the patient, green is minor, yellow is delayed, red is immediate and black is deceased Secondary injury prevention - Correct answer Preventing further injury from an event that has already occurred compensated shock - Correct answer when the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion decompensated shock - Correct answer The late stage of shock when blood pressure is falling. Irreversible shock - Correct answer The final stage of shock, resulting in death. hypovolemic shock - Correct answer shock resulting from blood or fluid loss obstructive shock - Correct answer due to obstruction of blood flow to the heart. blood clotting anaphylactic shock - Correct answer Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction. cardiogenic shock - Correct answer A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. It can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infarction, as well as other conditions. septic shock - Correct answer Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
congestive heart failure (CHF) - Correct answer CHF specifically refers to the stage in which fluid builds up around the heart causing it to pump inefficiently. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - Correct answer A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe. dysphagia - Correct answer difficulty swallowing epistaxis - Correct answer nosebleed PASTMEDS - Correct answer (for respiratory patients) Provocation/Palliation Associated chest pain: is there any? Sputum: is there anything being expelled from the lungs? What? Time/trauma: when, for how long, and has there been trauma? Medications currently taken Exercise tolerance Diagnosis by physician Speech: is it normal and clear? tracheostomy mask - Correct answer a device designed to be placed over a stoma or tracheostomy tube to provide supplemental oxygen. 8-10lpm Ischemic stroke - Correct answer a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked hemorrhagic stroke - Correct answer occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed DVT (deep vein thrombosis) - Correct answer blood clot in the extremities Which triad characterizes cardiac tamponade - Correct answer Becks triad: low BP, narrow pulse pressure, JVD, muffled heart sounds Braxton hicks contractions - Correct answer false labor spontaneous pneumothorax - Correct answer rupturing of weak part of the lung
Define AVPU and what it is used for - Correct answer Assess the level of responsiveness: AVPU: Alert, Responds to verbal stimuli, Responds to painful stimuli, Unresponsive When is hypoglycemia a real emergency? - Correct answer hypoglycemia can lead to a seizure or unconsciousness What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia? - Correct answer Shakiness Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills and clamminess Irritability or impatience Confusion, including delirium Rapid/fast heartbeat Lightheadedness or dizziness Hunger and nausea Sleepiness Blurred/impaired vision Tingling or numbness in the lips or tongue Headaches Weakness or fatigue Anger, stubbornness, or sadness Lack of coordination Nightmares or crying out during sleep Seizures Unconsciousness Describe the differences between a hemorrhagic stroke and an ischemic stroke: - Correct answer -Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain-Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures. Describe how you would assess each component of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (provided are the components items that make up the scale): - Correct answer Arm drift Facial drop Slurred speech Transport fast Limp presentation - Correct answer such as a single arm or leg, the likelihood of a successful delivery is small. Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) - Correct answer infection of the upper airways in children characterized by a barking cough Stridor respirations - Correct answer 1) High pitched noise heard on inspiration.
- Due to upper airway obstruction (croup, epiglottitis, or foreign body).
snoring - Correct answer Due to very proximal upper airway obstruction (tongue falling back against posterior pharynx) Asthma patients have - Correct answer mucosal edema in bronchioles Asystole - Correct answer the absence of a heartbeat Cushing's triad - Correct answer Signs of increased intracranial pressure 1.Brachicardia
- hypertension
- Altered respirations An airway that is not completely obstructed - Correct answer encourage to cough, heimlich is only performed on complete obstructions Bradycardia - Correct answer slow heart rate, below 60 bpm When should you use a bag-valve mask and at what flow rate? - Correct answer Use when patient is unconscious and not breathing adequately or isn't getting enough O2 or has stopped breathing, use 10-15 lpm, if patient is breathing less than 12 times a min or more than 24 use BVM and check to see if it's working by looking at rise and fall of chest What is the medicine inside an MDI and how does it work? - Correct answer A metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is a device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs, in the form of a short burst of aerosolized medicine that is usually self-administered by the patient via inhalation.Medications are things like Bronchodilators like albuterol Retractions - Correct answer Sign of increased muscle use for breathing, sings of someone having difficulty breathing How does Emphysema affect a patient's respiratory effort and breathing? - Correct answer • Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
- Tachypnea (accelerated breathing)
- Expiatory Wheezes
- Retractions
- Pursed lip
- Dry cough
- Fatigue
Severe headaches. Change in reflexes. Reduced urine or no urine output. Dizziness. Excessive vomiting and nausea. Vision changes.eclampsia: seizures loss of consciousness agitation headaches or muscle pain Prolapsed cord - Correct answer Knee to chest or Trendelenburg oxygen 8 to 10 L A newborn with a pulse rate of less than ___ BPM requires chest compressions. - Correct answer 60 Your patient is a newborn infant male in severe respiratory distress. You just helped deliver the newborn and now must provide positive-pressure ventilation via bag-valve mask. At what rate should you be ventilating your patient? - Correct answer 20-30 per minute What two presentations of newborns should not be attempted to deliver in the field? - Correct answer Limb presentation and prolapsed chord Wheezing - Correct answer 1) Heard most commonly on expiration.2) Indicates lower airway obstruction (asthma,bronchiolitis). Define START triage: - Correct answer Simple triage and rapid treatment (START) is a triage method used by first responders to quickly classify victims during a mass casualty incident (MCI) based on the severity of their injury What are the six P's of muscuoskeletal trauma? - Correct answer Pain, Paralysis, Paresthesias (numb- ness or tingling), Pulselessness, Pallor (pale or delayed capillary refill in children), and Pressure. Define DCAPBTLS: - Correct answer deformities, contusions, abrasions, punctures, burns, tenderness, lacerations, swelling
Combitube - Correct answer also known as the esophageal tracheal airway or esophageal tracheal double-lumen airway—is a blind insertion airway device You and your partner arrive on scene to a patient who has been involved in an MVA. As you approach the patient you notice the patient breathing in sequences of uniformly deep gasps, apnea, then more gasps. What is the name of the respiratory pattern? - Correct answer Biot's respirations are caused by damage to the pons of the brain stem and in this case, secondary to what we can safely assume is head/facial trauma. You are tasked with setting up an albuterol nebulizer for an asthmatic patient. You know that the correct setting to start the new treatment is which of the following? - Correct answer 6-8 rpm melena - Correct answer black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood. GI bleeding Cushing's reflex - Correct answer systolic bp increases, heart rate decreases, and the respiratory pattern changes (indication of severe head injury) Subdural Hematoma (SDH) - Correct answer a collection of blood that occurs between the brain tissue and the dura mater caused by a stretching or tearing of the veins that bridge between the dura mater and the brain Embolic stroke leading to ischemic stroke - Correct answer from material carried to and lodging in the cerebral circulation from another area of the body Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score - Correct answer An evaluation tool used to determine level of consciousness, which evaluates and assigns point values (scores) for eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, which are then totaled; effective in helping predict patient outcomes. DVT - Correct answer deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis CVA - Correct answer cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
AMI - Correct answer acute myocardial infarction angina pectoris - Correct answer when there is somewhat a blockage. Can offer nitrostate (3 cycles) if blood pressure is over 90 diastolic. After 15 minutes if the symptoms didn't get better than its AMI (Acute Myocardial Infraction) Blood pressure rises the arteries do what? - Correct answer The arteries constrict Blood pressure decreases the arteries do what? - Correct answer The arteries are dilated. pulmonary edema - Correct answer fluid in lungs (CHF) goes from the left ventricle to the left atrium then goes through the pulmonary artery Pt will be coughing up pink spectrum that means the pt has pulmonary edema pulmonary embolism (PE) - Correct answer blood clotting coronary artery - Correct answer An artery that supplies blood to the heart itself pedal edema - Correct answer accumulation of fluid in the feet or ankles eczema - Correct answer redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries bronchitis symptoms - Correct answer -chronic cough -wheezng - cyanosis. 2-3 week time period Pneumonia symptoms - Correct answer coughing greenish and yellowish fluid. Fever. Coughing for three days. Bronchitis dilated Asthma- wheezing sounds. Jogging activity and coughing up clear fluids DKA meaning - Correct answer diabetic ketoacidosis
Happens slowly. Fruity breath. Might be hungry, thirsty, urinate they might become dehydrated. Hot and dry skin percentile privet - Correct answer no pain, bleeding Signs of shock - Correct answer increased in heart rate. The skin cold and clumpy, rapid breathing. Raising blood pressure going back to normal. Low blood sugar. Flail chest - Correct answer fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment Pneumothorax (PTX) - Correct answer Collapsed lung due to trauma or a spontaneous small rupture of the lung hemothorax - Correct answer a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
