Download NRNP 5001 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2025 Questions and Correct Answers (Verif and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NRNP 5001 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2025
Questions and Correct Answers (Verified Answers) with
Rationales Walden University
- A patient presents with signs of hypoxia. What is the most common cause of cellular hypoxia? Decreased oxygen in the blood (ischemia) Ischemia reduces blood flow to tissues, which directly limits oxygen delivery, causing hypoxic injury.
- Which of the following best describes apoptosis? Programmed cell death that occurs naturally Apoptosis is a regulated process where cells die without causing inflammation, helping in development and homeostasis.
- What term describes cell death caused by irreversible injury? Necrosis Necrosis is pathological and results from severe damage, often causing inflammation.
- Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias? Hyperkalemia Elevated potassium levels disrupt cardiac electrical conduction, increasing the risk for arrhythmias.
- The primary function of the Na+/K+ pump is to:
Maintain cellular resting membrane potential It pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in, crucial for nerve impulse transmission and cellular volume regulation.
- A patient with metabolic acidosis may exhibit which compensatory mechanism? Increased respiratory rate The lungs attempt to blow off CO₂ to compensate for the excess acid in the blood.
- In inflammation, what is the role of histamine? Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability Histamine is released by mast cells and increases blood flow and capillary leakage.
- Which immunoglobulin is first produced during a primary immune response? IgM IgM is the first antibody to appear after initial exposure to an antigen.
- Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis? Type I hypersensitivity This is an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies. 10.Which organ is most responsible for regulating fluid balance? Kidneys The kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance through filtration and hormone response. 11.A hallmark of chronic inflammation is:
18.Which WBC is most abundant and first to respond in acute inflammation? Neutrophils Neutrophils rapidly migrate to sites of acute injury or infection. 19.A shift to the left in a WBC count indicates: Increased number of immature neutrophils This indicates an acute infection or stress response in the bone marrow. 20.Which acid-base disorder is associated with prolonged vomiting? Metabolic alkalosis Loss of gastric acid leads to an increase in serum bicarbonate. 21.What is the primary cause of edema in right-sided heart failure? Increased hydrostatic pressure Right-sided failure backs up blood into systemic circulation, increasing venous pressure. 22.What is the most dangerous complication of hypernatremia? Cerebral hemorrhage Rapid fluid shifts can cause vascular rupture in the brain. 23.Which statement about oncogenes is true? They promote cell proliferation when activated Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive uncontrolled cell division. 24.Tumor suppressor genes function to: Inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis Loss of these genes removes growth control, facilitating cancer development.
25.Which of the following is characteristic of benign tumors? Well-differentiated and encapsulated Benign tumors resemble normal tissue and do not invade nearby structures. 26.Which electrolyte is most tightly controlled because of its effect on the heart? Potassium Even small changes in serum K+ can lead to fatal arrhythmias. 27.Which mechanism is primarily responsible for fever? Cytokines affecting the hypothalamus IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α reset the thermoregulatory center in the brain. 28.Which organ is the primary site for erythropoietin production? Kidneys Hypoxia stimulates the kidneys to release erythropoietin to produce more RBCs. 29.Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with muscle weakness and decreased reflexes? Hypercalcemia Elevated calcium depresses neuromuscular activity. 30.In cancer, paraneoplastic syndromes occur due to: Hormones or cytokines secreted by tumors They are indirect effects of tumors unrelated to local invasion or metastasis. 31.What causes cellular swelling in hypoxic injury?
Respiratory acidosis Chronic hypoventilation leads to CO₂ retention and acidosis. 39.What is the initial cellular response to injury? Inflammation It begins with vascular changes and leukocyte recruitment. 40.Which enzyme system neutralizes reactive oxygen species? Superoxide dismutase It helps convert superoxide radicals into less harmful molecules. 41.Which of the following results from increased ADH secretion? Hyponatremia Excess ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. 42.What is the most likely cause of edema in nephrotic syndrome? Loss of plasma proteins in the urine Proteinuria reduces oncotic pressure, causing fluid leakage into tissues. 43.A patient has a low pH, high CO₂, and normal HCO₃⁻. This indicates: Uncompensated respiratory acidosis CO₂ retention lowers pH, and lack of metabolic compensation confirms it’s uncompensated. 44.In an allergic reaction, which cell releases histamine? Mast cell Mast cells degranulate in response to allergens, releasing histamine. 45.Which of the following is a characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Delayed T-cell mediated response Type IV reactions involve T lymphocytes, not antibodies, and occur hours to days later. 46.Which process best describes angiogenesis? Formation of new blood vessels Angiogenesis is critical in wound healing and tumor growth. 47.Which cytokine is most involved in fever production? Interleukin-1 (IL-1) IL-1 is a pyrogen that triggers hypothalamic temperature elevation. 48.The major complication of SIADH is: Water intoxication and hyponatremia Inappropriate ADH secretion leads to excessive water retention. 49.What acid-base imbalance is associated with diarrhea? Metabolic acidosis Loss of bicarbonate-rich intestinal fluids results in acidosis. 50.Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with Chvostek’s sign? Hypocalcemia Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs are classic findings in low serum calcium.
- What process involves macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells? Phagocytosis Macrophages clear out dying cells to prevent inflammation and tissue damage.
- What does a low anion gap suggest? Hypoalbuminemia Albumin is negatively charged; low levels can reduce the anion gap.
- Which organ system is most affected in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? Immune system SLE is an autoimmune disorder affecting multiple systems, primarily immune.
- Which of the following is a hallmark of Type 1 diabetes? Autoimmune destruction of beta cells This leads to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia.
- What acid-base disturbance occurs with aspirin overdose? Mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis Initially, aspirin stimulates respiration (alkalosis), then causes metabolic acidosis.
- Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with digitalis toxicity? Hypokalemia Low K+ increases digoxin binding, enhancing its effects and toxicity.
- What is the effect of cytokines like TNF- α in sepsis? Vasodilation and capillary leak These lead to hypotension and multiple organ failure.
- Which process occurs in cell injury due to free radicals? Lipid peroxidation Free radicals damage cell membranes by oxidizing lipids.
65. What does a positive Trousseau’s sign indicate? Hypocalcemia Trousseau’s sign is a spasm in the hand after BP cuff inflation due to low calcium.
- In which phase of wound healing does collagen formation occur? Proliferative phase Fibroblasts produce collagen to support new tissue formation.
- Which acid-base disorder is caused by COPD? Chronic respiratory acidosis CO₂ retention from hypoventilation leads to respiratory acidosis.
- Which organ regulates calcium through parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Kidneys PTH increases calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules.
- What is the most common cause of hyperphosphatemia? Chronic kidney disease The kidneys can't excrete phosphate effectively, causing accumulation.
- Which electrolyte is critical for ATP production and enzyme activation? Magnesium Mg²⁺ is essential for energy production and many enzymatic processes.
- What is the primary buffer in red blood cells? Hemoglobin Hemoglobin binds H+ ions to help regulate pH inside red blood cells.
Potassium Bicarbonate correction shifts K+ into cells, risking hypokalemia.
- Which hormone is elevated in SIADH? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH promotes water retention, leading to dilutional hyponatremia.
- What lab finding indicates dehydration? Increased hematocrit Less plasma volume concentrates red blood cells.
- What best describes a hypertrophic cell response? Increased cell size Cells grow larger due to increased workload or hormonal stimulation.
- Which cell mediates delayed hypersensitivity reactions? T lymphocytes These drive Type IV reactions, like contact dermatitis.
- What best explains the development of shock in anaphylaxis? Massive vasodilation and capillary leak Histamine release causes blood pooling and hypotension.
- Which blood gas abnormality is seen in pulmonary embolism? Respiratory alkalosis Hyperventilation due to hypoxia leads to CO₂ loss.
- What is the primary cause of edema in liver failure? Low albumin levels Albumin loss reduces oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to shift into tissues.
- Which condition is characterized by antibodies against ACh receptors? Myasthenia gravis This autoimmune disease impairs neuromuscular transmission.
- Which cancer spreads through the lymphatic system? Carcinoma Epithelial-derived tumors often metastasize via lymphatics.
- What lab finding is typical in pancreatitis? Elevated amylase and lipase These digestive enzymes are released into the blood during inflammation.
- Which condition involves a genetic defect in chloride channels? Cystic fibrosis CFTR gene mutations impair chloride transport, causing thick secretions.
- What is the role of albumin in the vascular system? Maintains oncotic pressure It pulls water into capillaries to balance fluid exchange.
- What is the most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxia Lack of oxygen disrupts energy production and damages cells.
- What triggers ADH secretion? Increased plasma osmolality The hypothalamus senses osmolality changes and stimulates ADH release.
- What best describes hyperplasia? Increased number of cells Hyperplasia is a response to increased demand or hormonal stimulation.
- Which electrolyte is required for muscle contraction? Calcium Calcium initiates muscle contraction by interacting with actin and myosin.
- Which organ is most sensitive to hypoxia? Brain Neurons have high metabolic needs and low tolerance for oxygen deprivation.
- What finding suggests fluid overload? Jugular venous distension Increased venous pressure causes distension of neck veins.
- What does BNP elevation indicate? Heart failure BNP is released in response to ventricular stretch and volume overload. 106. Which neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease? Dopamine Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to movement disorders.
- Which vitamin is needed for calcium absorption? Vitamin D Vitamin D enhances intestinal calcium uptake.
- What is the function of surfactant in the lungs? Reduces alveolar surface tension This prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation.
- What condition involves autoimmune destruction of thyroid tissue? Hashimoto's thyroiditis Leads to hypothyroidism due to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland.
- What electrolyte imbalance is most likely in tumor lysis syndrome? Hyperkalemia Cell lysis releases intracellular potassium, phosphate, and uric acid. Let me know if you'd like questions 111 – 150 continued now, or formatted into printable, study guide, or quizlet-style format. You said: 111 - 160 ChatGPT said: Here are NRNP 5001 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Practice Questions 111 – 160 , continuing the format you requested:
- Answers are in bold - _Rationales are in italics_ - No bold for questions
- What does an elevated troponin level indicate? Myocardial infarction Troponin is released from damaged cardiac muscle.
- What hormone promotes sodium retention? Aldosterone Aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys, raising blood volume and pressure.
- Which organ primarily regulates blood pH over hours to days? Kidneys They excrete or retain hydrogen and bicarbonate to maintain pH.
- What is the hallmark of chronic inflammation? Macrophage infiltration Macrophages dominate in chronic inflammation, promoting tissue damage and repair.
- Which genetic disorder is due to a trisomy? Down syndrome Trisomy 21 is the most common chromosomal disorder involving an extra chromosome.
- Which enzyme is elevated in liver damage? Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ALT is more specific to liver injury than AST.
- What is the role of ADH in fluid balance? Promotes water reabsorption ADH acts on kidneys to conserve water during dehydration.
- Which hormone increases blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis? Cortisol Cortisol stimulates glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver.
- What triggers the release of insulin? Increased blood glucose Beta cells of the pancreas release insulin in response to high glucose levels.
- Which electrolyte imbalance may cause decreased deep tendon reflexes? Hypermagnesemia Excess magnesium depresses neuromuscular activity.
- What causes jaundice in liver failure? Accumulation of bilirubin The liver fails to conjugate and excrete bilirubin properly.
- Which lipid is most atherogenic? Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) LDL deposits cholesterol in artery walls, promoting plaque formation.
- Which condition results from antidiuretic hormone deficiency? Diabetes insipidus ADH deficiency causes excessive urination and dehydration.
- What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers? Helicobacter pylori infection This bacteria damages the mucosal lining, leading to ulceration.
