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NRSG 91 FINAL EXAM NEWEST EXAM 2025 | ALL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | JUST RELEASED
When did the history of nursing begin in Canada? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Nursing history in Canada dates back to the 1600s, with indigenous healing traditions and midwives playing important caregiver roles in their communities.
Who is credited as the first person to provide nursing care in Canada? --- ------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Marie Rollet Hébert is credited as the first person to provide nursing care in what is now Canada in 1617.
What was the first hospital in Canada, and who established it? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Jeanne Mance established the first Canadian hospital in Montreal in 1642.
Who were the Grey Nuns, and what was their role in Canadian nursing history? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The Grey Nuns were the first community nursing order in Canada, visiting both settlers and Indigenous Peoples.
What changes occurred in nursing and healthcare in the 1700s? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The 1700s saw the establishment of nursing orders, hospitals, and the provision of healthcare to different populations.
- When and where was the first diploma nursing school for LPNs established in Canada? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------In 1874, the General and Marine Hospital in St. Catharines established the first diploma nursing school for LPNs in Canada.
- Who introduced a proper nursing curriculum and a 3 ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------year nursing program, and when? - Mary Agnes Snively introduced a proper nursing curriculum and a 3-year nursing program in 1887.
- How did nursing education programs evolve over time? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Nursing education programs grew, with nursing students staffing hospitals and taking classes led by doctors until the 1950s. Nursing assistant programs started in 1946 and evolved over time, leading to the creation of the Registered Practical Nurse (RPN) title. Education requirements changed in 2005, with a focus on baccalaureate degrees for Registered Nurses (RNs) and college diplomas for RPNs.
- What are some of the current trends in Canadian healthcare? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Trends in Canadian healthcare include the growing number of infectious diseases, rising healthcare costs, increasing disparities between economic classes, changing demographics, advances in technology, the use of unregulated healthcare providers, evidence-based practice, and a shift towards shorter hospital stays and a customer-service approach.
- What is the history of the Canadian healthcare system? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The Canadian healthcare system has a history that dates back to 1867, with provincial governments responsible for managing hospitals and charities. The federal government has jurisdiction over marine hospitals and quarantine. Significant developments include the introduction of medicare and the establishment of the Canadian Health
- What distinguishes a nursing profession from an occupation? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Factors such as expertise, extended education, a theoretical body of knowledge, individual accountability, and the presence of values, beliefs, and ethics. 17.What are the professional standards established by the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO)? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The standards include accountability, continuing competence, ethics, knowledge, knowledge application, leadership, and relationships. 18.What legislation affects practicing nurses in Ontario? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The legislation includes the Regulated Health Professions Act, the Nursing Act, and federal and provincial laws.
- What is the role of the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO)? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The CNO is a statutory governing body that protects the public's interest in the nursing profession, establishing requirements for entry to practice, promoting practice and professional standards, and administering a Quality Assurance Program.
- What are some legal liability issues in nursing practice? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Issues involve torts, which are civil wrongs against a property or person. This includes intentional torts like assault, battery, invasion of privacy, and false imprisonment, and unintentional torts like negligence.
- What does the term "visible minority" mean? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------"Visible minority" refers to individuals who are non- white in race or color.
- How is Canada described in terms of cultural diversity? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Canada is described as a cultural mosaic, meaning it doesn't pressure people to conform to a single culture but rather allows for many diverse cultures to coexist.
- What is ethnocentrism? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Ethnocentrism is viewing one's own way of life as more valuable than others.
- What is cultural competence in nursing? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Cultural competence is the ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures.
- How can a nurse provide culturally sensitive care? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Culturally sensitive care meets the social and cultural needs of diverse populations. The first step towards this is understanding one's own beliefs.
- What is the art and science part of nursing ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------science is the application of nursing knowlegs + technical aspects of practice and art is establishing caring relationship.
- What is the scope of practice of an RPN ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------give meds except push IV meds.
generalised hypothesiss and ends w a conclusion (structured data, statistical analysis, objective conclusions, survey, experiments)
- Inductive research is also called? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----qualitative studies
- Inductive research: qualitative studies is what? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------gains a deeper understanding of the subject and helps develop a hypothesis at the end. (unstructured data, summery, subjective conclusions, interviews, focus groups)
- Metapardigm? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------umbrella term that encompasees the most importan concepts and ideas that define a field of study.
- What are the 4 metapardigs of nursing? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------person, health, enviornment, nursing
- What are grand theories ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Broad in scope or complexity
- What are middle range theories ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---Can be applied to multiple settings
- Explain the triangle of Nursing from largest to smallest --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Nursing metapardigm, grand theories, middle range theories, practice level theories.
- What is primary health care ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- holistic view, promotes health, preventing diseases, managing common conditions, health education, disease prevention, community engagement.
- What is primary care? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------First point of contact between individuals and healthcare system.
- List the 5 levels of healthcare settings and services ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Promotive: health promotion, Preventative: Disease+injury prevention, Curative: diagnosis & treatment, Rehabilitation care, Supportive care
- List the 5 principles of Medicare (canada's health act) --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------comprehensive, portability, accessibility, universality, public administartion.
- What are the current trends and reforms in health care --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------changing technology, regionalization, baby boomers, more chronic diseases, medicnal cannabis, MAID, interprofessional collaboration/ education.
- What are values? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------strong personal beliefs that influence behaviour.
- What legislations effect nurses in ontario? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------RHPA(1991), nursing act (1991), federakl and provincial laws, CNO
- What does the regulated health professions act do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ontario legislation regulating 23 healthcare professionals, purpose to create consumer choice, public accountability, protection for the public and regulatory system.
- Major elements of RHPA (7)? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- public participation and openness, entry to practice, professional misconduct, client relations, quality assurance/standards, scope of practice, controlled acts
- When was the CNO established? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ ----- 1963
- What is the good samaritan act? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----protects health care professionals from liability if they stop to provide aid in an emergency while off duty.
- What is a tort? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------civil wrong against a property or person (psychological, physical, sexual, financial)
- Examples of intentional torts ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- assault, battery, invasion or privacy, false imprisonment.
- Unintentional torts torts ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- negligence.
- What is considered a visible minority? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------nonwhite in race or color.
- What is culture? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------shared patterns of learned behaviour and values that are transmitted over time. Can include language, ethnicity, spiritual and religious beliefs, socioeconomic class, gender, age, geographic locations
- What are invisible cultural characteristics? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------perceptions, attitudes, values and beliefs.
- What are visible cultural characteristics? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------behaviours and practices - clothing, dance, laguage, physical features, food, music
- what is ethnicity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Refers to cultural factors including nationality, regional culture, ancestry and language. Eg. German or spanish ancestry
- what is Race? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------refers to a patients physical characteristics such as bone structure and skin, hair or eye color. Eg. Brown, white, black.
What was florence nightingale missions? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------to improve hygiene practixes to decrease the death rate in hospitals. What is the purpose of documentation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Facilitation of information flow to support continuity, quality, and safety of care. What is the goal of documentation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---To describe facts clearly and concisely to improve communication. What are the characteristics of good documentation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Clear, concise, accurate, complete, objective, timely, and free of spelling or grammar errors. What does EMR stand for? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Electronic Medical Records - a record of one episode of care. What does EHR stand for? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Electronic Health Records - a longitudinal record of health that includes in- patient and out-patient documentation. What are the common parts of a healthcare record? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Patient identification, informed consent for treatments, medical diagnosis and progress notes, doctors' orders, nursing database, operative record, discharge plan, and summary.
What terms should not be used in documentation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Terms like 'seems', 'appears', 'apparently', 'small', 'large', 'usual day', 'good night', 'nice man', 'difficult patient' should be avoided. What must every entry in documentation have? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Date, time, full signature, and correct titles. Only chart care that you have provided. How should other patients be referred to in documentation? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Instead of using their names, refer to them as 'patient's room mate'. What are the CNO practice standards in regards to documentation? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Communication, Accountability, Security Communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Reflects all aspects of the nursing process, legible, permanent ink, full signature, and designations. Accountability? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------:Never delete, alter, or modify another nurse's charts. Security? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Maintain confidentiality, access only info needed for care, use a secure line to fax or email patient info.
What are Critical Pathways or Care Maps? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Pre-printed documents with specific goals, interventions, and time frames. (e.g., pneumonia patient expected to have a 4 day stay) What are standardized nursing care plans? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Pre-printed established care plans that should be modified based on the individual's needs. What is handoff in healthcare? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Passing patient-specific information from one caregiver to another for continuity of care. What should be addressed in a handoff? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------Care, treatment, services rendered, current condition, anticipated changes. What does SBAR stand for? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendations. What does 'Situation' refer to in SBAR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------What is happening with the patient. What does 'Background' refer to in SBAR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------What led to the current situation.
What does 'Assessment' refer to in SBAR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------The nurse's understanding of the problem. What does 'Recommendation' refer to in SBAR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------What actions should be taken. What should be done when taking a verbal order? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Repeat the order verbatim, enter order, document it is a verbal/phone order, include date, time, physician's name, and nurse's signature. What is ADPIE in the nursing process? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Implement, Evaluate. What is the first step in the nursing process? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Assess: gather information about the patient's condition, current and past health status, and functional status. What are the sources of data in nursing assessment? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Primary (patient), secondary (family and significant others), nursing notes and change of shift report, lab and diagnostic results, tertiary sources (nurse's experience/intuition). What is the second step in the nursing process? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Diagnose: Identify the patient's problem within the domain of nursing.
What does it mean to evaluate in the nursing process? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Determine if goals and expected outcomes are achieved What is the nursing process? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Problem-solving approach to identify, diagnose and treat health issues from a nursing perspective What are the characteristics of the nursing process? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Person focused, goal oriented, individualized, applies to everyone in every setting What are the 6 elements of the communication process? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Referent, sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback What should be considered in verbal communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Setting, context, and content What is intrapersonal communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Self talk What is interpersonal communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Communication between 2 or more people
What are the 5 areas in nurse-patient relationships? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Building trust, demonstrating empathy, establishing boundaries, recognizing and respecting cultural influences, developing a comprehensive plan of care What are the 3 phases of nurse-patient relationship? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Orientation/introductory, working, termination What factors affect the timing of patient communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Pain or anxiety, location and distractions What are the essential components of nursing communication? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Respect, assertiveness, collaboration, delegation, advocacy What is therapeutic communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----Positive interaction that is beneficial for the patient What is social communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Balanced focus on all parties engaged in the conversation What does SOLER stand for? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sit if possible, open stance, lean towards speaker, eye contact, relax
