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NSG 1700 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
PRACTICE EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
PLUS RATIONALES 2025 GALEN COLLEGE
OF NURSING
- A patient with prolonged vomiting is at risk for which acid-base imbalance? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis Vomiting leads to loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach, causing an increase in blood bicarbonate and resulting in metabolic alkalosis.
- Which of the following best describes the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? A. Regulate glucose metabolism
B. Stimulate red blood cell production C. Maintain blood pressure and fluid balance D. Promote insulin secretion RAAS regulates blood pressure by vasoconstriction and promoting sodium and water retention via aldosterone.
- What is a classic sign of left-sided heart failure? A. Peripheral edema B. Pulmonary congestion C. Jugular vein distension D. Hepatomegaly Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the lungs, leading to pulmonary congestion and shortness of breath.
- Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with cardiac arrhythmias? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypocalcemia C. Hyponatremia D. Hypomagnesemia Excess potassium disrupts cardiac conduction, increasing the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.
- Which condition is caused by a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
B. Hypertension C. Polyuria D. Jaundice Hyperglycemia causes osmotic diuresis, leading to excessive urination (polyuria).
- In hypovolemic shock, what is the initial compensatory mechanism? A. Increased heart rate B. Decreased respiratory rate C. Vasodilation D. Decreased cardiac output The body compensates for low blood volume by increasing heart rate to maintain perfusion.
- Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress? A. Insulin B. Cortisol C. ADH D. Glucagon Cortisol is a glucocorticoid released during stress to increase glucose availability and suppress inflammation.
- Which of the following is most likely to cause respiratory acidosis? A. Hyperventilation
B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) C. Vomiting D. Diuretic use COPD leads to COâ retention, resulting in respiratory acidosis.
- What is the pathophysiology of asthma? A. Alveolar destruction B. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation C. Airway infection D. Loss of surfactant Asthma involves airway inflammation and increased sensitivity causing bronchoconstriction.
- Which of the following findings is consistent with right-sided heart failure? A. Peripheral edema B. Pulmonary edema C. Crackles in lungs D. Orthopnea Right-sided heart failure causes blood to back up in the systemic circulation, leading to peripheral edema.
- A nurse notes Chvostekâs sign in a patient. Which electrolyte imbalance does this suggest? A. Hypocalcemia B. Hypernatremia
Parkinsonâs is characterized by tremors at rest, rigidity, and bradykinesia due to dopamine deficiency.
- What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? A. Excess insulin B. Absolute insulin deficiency C. Renal failure D. Stress-induced cortisol excess In DKA, insulin deficiency prevents glucose utilization, leading to fat breakdown and ketone production.
- Which of the following best explains the development of edema in liver failure? A. Hyperkalemia B. Decreased albumin production C. Increased aldosterone D. Decreased ADH Liver failure reduces albumin production, lowering oncotic pressure and causing fluid to leak into tissues.
- What immune cell is primarily responsible for initiating the inflammatory response? A. Erythrocyte B. T-cell C. Mast cell D. Platelet
Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals during inflammation.
- What is the pathophysiological mechanism of Type I diabetes mellitus? A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues B. Excess glucagon production C. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells D. Hypothalamic dysfunction Type I diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin- producing beta cells in the pancreas.
- A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. What is the most likely cause? A. Vitamin B12 deficiency B. Iron overload C. Decreased erythropoietin production D. Splenic sequestration Kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates RBC production. CKD leads to decreased erythropoietin and anemia.
- Which acid-base imbalance results from prolonged diarrhea? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory acidosis
Inflammation increases capillary permeability, allowing proteins and fluids to leak into tissues.
- What electrolyte abnormality is expected in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? A. Hypernatremia B. Hyponatremia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypocalcemia Excess ADH leads to water retention, diluting sodium levels and causing hyponatremia.
- Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults? A. Gigantism B. Acromegaly C. Dwarfism D. Marfan syndrome Acromegaly occurs in adults after growth plates have closed and is due to excess GH.
- A patient presents with fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain. Which condition is most likely? A. Hyperthyroidism B. Hypothyroidism C. Addisonâs disease
D. Pheochromocytoma Hypothyroidism slows metabolism, causing fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
- What is the initial immune response in Type I hypersensitivity reactions? A. T-cell activation B. IgE antibody production C. Complement activation D. IgG complex deposition Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding to allergens and triggering mast cell degranulation.
- What is the effect of increased afterload on the heart? A. Decreased myocardial workload B. Increased myocardial oxygen demand C. Decreased contractility D. Increased stroke volume Increased afterload means the heart must pump harder, increasing oxygen demand.
- What is the primary pathological feature of emphysema? A. Excess mucus production B. Destruction of alveolar walls C. Bronchospasm D. Pulmonary embolism
- What type of cell is primarily responsible for antibody production? A. T-helper cell B. Natural killer cell C. B lymphocyte (plasma cell) D. Macrophage Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that produce antibodies.
- Which condition is characterized by demyelination of the peripheral nervous system? A. Parkinsonâs disease B. Multiple sclerosis C. Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome D. ALS Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome causes acute demyelination in peripheral nerves, leading to ascending weakness.
- What electrolyte imbalance commonly occurs with tumor lysis syndrome? A. Hypokalemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypophosphatemia D. Hypercalcemia Cell lysis releases potassium into the blood, leading to hyperkalemia.
- What is the hallmark symptom of claudication in peripheral artery disease (PAD)? A. Tingling at rest B. Pain in the legs during exercise that resolves with rest C. Edema in both legs D. Redness and warmth Claudication is exercise-induced pain due to insufficient blood flow to muscles.
- Which hormone increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis? A. Insulin B. Cortisol C. Aldosterone D. ADH Cortisol increases blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver.
- Which respiratory condition is characterized by reversible airway obstruction? A. Asthma B. COPD C. Pulmonary fibrosis D. Emphysema
Atrial fibrillation causes blood stasis in the atria, increasing the risk of clot formation.
- Which electrolyte abnormality commonly leads to muscle cramps and tetany? A. Hypernatremia B. Hypocalcemia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypokalemia Low calcium levels increase neuromuscular excitability, causing cramps and spasms.
- What is the term for low oxygen in the blood? A. Hypoxemia B. Hypoxia C. Ischemia D. Anemia Hypoxemia refers to reduced oxygen content in arterial blood.
- What is a key finding in nephrotic syndrome? A. Hyperkalemia B. Proteinuria C. Hematuria D. Azotemia Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive protein loss in the urine due to glomerular damage.
- A patient with liver cirrhosis develops confusion. What is the likely cause? A. Hypoglycemia B. Alcohol withdrawal C. Elevated ammonia levels D. Hyponatremia Liver dysfunction impairs ammonia metabolism, and elevated levels can lead to hepatic encephalopathy.
- Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for stroke? A. Age B. Genetics C. Hypertension D. Gender Hypertension significantly increases stroke risk and can be modified with lifestyle or medication.
- What is the primary concern with potassium levels over 6. mEq/L? A. Seizures B. Cardiac dysrhythmias C. Muscle weakness D. Hypertension Hyperkalemia can cause life-threatening arrhythmias due to its effect on cardiac conduction.
- A patient has a pH of 7.30, PaCOâ of 50 mmHg, and HCOââ» of 24 mEq/L. What is the diagnosis? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Respiratory alkalosis High PaCOâ with low pH indicates respiratory acidosis.
- Which hormone regulates calcium levels by increasing serum calcium? A. Insulin B. Aldosterone C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) D. Cortisol PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
- Which disorder causes destruction of pancreatic beta cells? A. Type 2 diabetes B. Type 1 diabetes C. Cushingâs syndrome D. Gravesâ disease Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder targeting insulin- producing beta cells.
- What is the key difference between a thrombus and an embolus? A. Thrombus moves through circulation B. Embolus travels; thrombus is stationary C. Thrombus is only in arteries D. Embolus is always from fat A thrombus is a clot that remains in place; an embolus is one that travels.
- Which hormone is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys? A. Aldosterone B. Renin C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. Cortisol ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to maintain fluid balance.
- Which condition leads to destruction of red blood cells and hemoglobin release? A. Thrombocytopenia B. Leukopenia C. Hemolytic anemia D. Pernicious anemia
