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NSG 5140 Final Exam Review Adv Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2025 Questions and Answers | 100% Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
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A. Primary hypothyroidism B. Secondary hypothyroidism C. Graves’ disease D. Euthyroid sick syndrome In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland fails to produce adequate T4, causing the pituitary to secrete more TSH.
11.Which immunoglobulin is most involved in allergic reactions? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM IgE binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, initiating allergic responses. 12.What is the underlying defect in cystic fibrosis? A. Collagen defect B. Chloride channel mutation (CFTR gene) C. Sodium channel overactivity D. Mitochondrial DNA deletion Cystic fibrosis results from a mutation in the CFTR gene, affecting chloride transport and causing thick secretions. 13.In cirrhosis, ascites forms primarily due to: A. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia B. Decreased sodium intake C. Increased aldosterone metabolism D. Hyperkalemia
C. T-cell mediated delayed response D. Complement activation Type IV hypersensitivity involves T-lymphocyte activation leading to a delayed immune response, as seen in contact dermatitis. 17.What role does surfactant play in the lungs? A. Reduces surface tension in alveoli B. Promotes bronchoconstriction C. Enhances pulmonary vascular resistance D. Increases mucus viscosity Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse during exhalation. 18.What type of anemia is caused by chronic blood loss? A. Macrocytic anemia B. Normocytic anemia C. Microcytic hypochromic anemia D. Hemolytic anemia Chronic blood loss leads to iron deficiency, resulting in microcytic, hypochromic anemia. 19.Which enzyme deficiency causes phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A. Tyrosinase B. Phenylalanine hydroxylase C. Lactase D. G6PD PKU is due to a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, leading to phenylalanine accumulation and neurological damage. 20.What is the cause of anemia in chronic kidney disease? A. Vitamin B12 deficiency B. Hemolysis C. Iron overload D. Decreased erythropoietin production The kidneys in CKD produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased red blood cell production. 21.Which cellular adaptation describes an increase in cell size? A. Hyperplasia B. Hypertrophy C. Atrophy D. Metaplasia Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells, often seen in response to increased workload (e.g., cardiac muscle).
C. Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors D. Degeneration of peripheral nerves Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that damages myelin in the central nervous system. 25.In an acute myocardial infarction (MI), what is the primary cause of cell death? A. Hypoglycemia B. Hemorrhage C. Ischemia leading to hypoxia D. Infection Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) from ischemia causes irreversible myocardial cell death in MI. 26.Which disorder is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract with skip lesions? A. Ulcerative colitis B. Crohn’s disease C. Celiac disease D. Irritable bowel syndrome Crohn’s disease affects any part of the GI tract and is marked by patchy areas of inflammation (skip lesions).
27.A patient has exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and tachycardia. What is the likely diagnosis? A. Hypothyroidism B. Addison’s disease C. Graves’ disease D. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Graves’ disease is an autoimmune hyperthyroidism marked by excess thyroid hormone, causing the listed symptoms. 28.What is the primary cause of ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes? A. Lack of insulin causes lipolysis and ketone production B. Excess insulin leads to ketone accumulation C. Increased protein catabolism D. Elevated blood pH In the absence of insulin, fat is broken down into free fatty acids, which are converted into ketones, leading to acidosis. 29.Which condition is associated with a "boot-shaped" heart on chest X-ray? A. Coarctation of the aorta B. Tetralogy of Fallot C. Atrial septal defect D. Patent ductus arteriosus
C. Activation of sympathetic nervous system D. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system Acute blood loss activates the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate and vasoconstriction. 33.What is the hallmark lab finding in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? A. Elevated D-dimer B. Decreased fibrin split products C. Elevated platelets D. Decreased PT D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product elevated in DIC due to widespread clotting and fibrinolysis. 34.Which of the following results from a deficiency of vitamin B12? A. Microcytic anemia B. Macrocytic anemia C. Hemolytic anemia D. Normocytic anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis in red blood cells, causing them to become large (macrocytic). 35.What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?
A. Parathyroid adenoma B. Vitamin D deficiency C. Chronic kidney disease D. Pituitary tumor Primary hyperparathyroidism is most often due to a benign tumor (adenoma) of a parathyroid gland. 36.Which hormone is responsible for sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron? A. ADH B. Cortisol C. Aldosterone D. PTH Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal nephron. 37.Which of the following is characteristic of acute inflammation? A. Increased collagen production B. Monocyte predominance C. Neutrophil infiltration D. T-cell activation Neutrophils are the first immune cells to respond during acute inflammation.
H. pylori is the leading cause of chronic gastritis due to its ability to damage the gastric mucosa. 41.What triggers the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells? A. Low blood glucose B. High blood glucose C. High glucagon D. Low amino acids Insulin is released in response to elevated blood glucose levels to promote cellular uptake of glucose. 42.Which of the following can result from long-term hypertension? A. Decreased afterload B. Increased cardiac output C. Left ventricular hypertrophy D. Bradycardia Chronic high pressure in the systemic circulation causes the left ventricle to hypertrophy to overcome resistance. 43.What is the mechanism of action for glucagon? A. Stimulates insulin secretion B. Increases blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis
C. Inhibits gluconeogenesis D. Decreases appetite Glucagon raises blood glucose by breaking down liver glycogen stores. 44.Which is the most likely complication of untreated obstructive sleep apnea? A. Asthma B. Pulmonary hypertension C. Emphysema D. Bronchiectasis Chronic hypoxia from OSA can lead to pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension. 45.Which of the following diseases involves antibodies against acetylcholine receptors? A. ALS B. Multiple sclerosis C. Myasthenia gravis D. Guillain-Barré syndrome Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition in which antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. 46.Which lab value is most indicative of pancreatitis?
A. Hypernatremia B. Hyponatremia C. Hypercalcemia D. Hypokalemia Adrenal insufficiency causes aldosterone deficiency, leading to sodium loss and water retention—resulting in hyponatremia. 50.Which of the following is most associated with increased intracranial pressure? A. Miosis B. Cushing's triad (bradycardia, hypertension, irregular respirations) C. Tachycardia and hypotension D. Hypoventilation Cushing’s triad is a classic sign of increased intracranial pressure and impending brain herniation. 51.What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis? A. Hypertriglyceridemia B. Medications C. Gallstones D. Viral infection Gallstones obstruct the pancreatic duct, causing enzyme activation within the pancreas and leading to autodigestion.
52.Which of the following best explains the polyuria seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus? A. Osmotic diuresis from hyperglycemia B. ADH deficiency C. Increased aldosterone D. Hyperinsulinemia High glucose levels exceed renal threshold, causing glucose to spill into urine, drawing water with it (osmotic diuresis). 53.Which pathophysiologic mechanism underlies emphysema? A. Mucus hypersecretion B. Alveolar wall destruction C. Smooth muscle hypertrophy D. Ciliary dysfunction Emphysema involves destruction of alveolar walls, reducing surface area for gas exchange and causing air trapping. 54.What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S.? A. Glomerulonephritis B. Diabetes mellitus C. Polycystic kidney disease D. Hypertension