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NSG 527 Final Exam | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated
2025 /202 6 (Graded A+)
Acetylcholine - ✔✔involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, and sleep? acetylcholine - ✔✔Too much? is associated with depression, and too little in the hippocampus has been associated with dementia. Dopamine - ✔✔correlated with movement, attention, and learning? Dopamine - ✔✔Too much ?has been associated with schizophrenia, and too little? is associated with some forms of depression as well as the muscular rigidity and tremors found in Parkinson's disease. Norepinephrine - ✔✔associated with eating, alertness? Norepinephrine - ✔✔Too little? has been associated with depression, while an excess has been associated with schizophrenia. Epinephrine - ✔✔involved in energy, and glucose metabolism? Serotonin - ✔✔plays a role in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and aggressive behavior? serotonin - ✔✔Too little? is associated with depression and some anxiety disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some antidepressant medications increase the availability of ? at the receptor sites GABA - ✔✔inhibits excitation and anxiety? GABA - ✔✔Too little ?is associated with anxiety and anxiety disorders. Some antianxiety medication increases ?at the receptor sites.
Endorphins - ✔✔involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure and contentedness? Frontal Lobe - ✔✔• Executive functioning and personality
- Maintain and focus attention
- Organize thinking, planning, speech, and motor activities
- Weigh consequences
- Set goals
- Modulate emotions
- Integrate ideas, emotions, and perceptions
- Shapes personality? Parietal lobe - ✔✔• Body sensations
- Motor activities, attention and perception of spatial relations
- Processes sensory impulses from the thalamus
- Maintains focused attention
- Registers acts of aggression
- Wernicke's area located in the left temporoparietal junction is responsible for the comprehension of speech?? Temporal lobe - ✔✔• Emotion and memory circuits
- Hearing, learning, memory circuits, sexual identity, and processing of auditory stimuli
- Gives emotional tone to memories
- Is involved in making moral judgments Occipital lobe - ✔✔• Vision
- Visual memory
- Reading
- language formation
Reticular activating system (RAS) - ✔✔• Involved in arousal and sleep- the "toggle switch"
- Switches the cerebral cortex on when individual is relaxed
- Switches limbic system on when there is a threat
- Regulates thalamus and cortex activities that are involved in emotions
- Involved in processing pain and in regulation of heartrate, breathing, perspiration, swallowing, coughing, salivation, urination, and sexual arousal Hypothalamus - ✔✔• Bridges internal homeostasis and outside environment
- Involved with raw emotions of pleasure, reward, aversion, and rage
- Regulates the autonomic nervous system and secretion of pituitary hormones
- Involved in hunger, thirst, water balance, regulation of temperature, circadian rhythms, and stress response Thalamus - ✔✔• Gaits information to the neocortex
- Processes information coming from the 5 senses and information coming from the amygdala and cerebellum before it goes to the neocortex
- Involved in wakefulness, sleep, and pain perception Amygdala - ✔✔• Anxiety and anger
- Generates rudimentary emotions such as fear, rage, religious ecstasy, and sexual desire
- Surveys the environment
- Regulates fear and response to stress
- Evaluates expression of friendliness, fear, love, affection, distrust, and anger
- Contributes to emotional memories, especially fear
- Seeks attachment indiscriminately Insula - ✔✔• Involved in negative emotions: disgust, pain, hunger, empathy, and callousness
Cingulate cortex - ✔✔• Links emotions to actions and predicts the consequences of actions.
- Involved in experiencing intense love, anger, or lost.
- Activated when mother here's her infant cry.
- Involved into detecting how others feel and reaching to others emotions.
- Registers social rejection.
- Adjust behavior to social context. Hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus - ✔✔the memory structures
- regulates information coming to the neocortex.
- Involved in memory, learning, long-term memories, and retrieval of information.
- Builds cognitive maps of individual in relation to time, place, and past and present experiences.
- Assigns the time and place to an event. Septal nuclei - ✔✔Quiets and dampens down responses of rage.
- Involves in socialization and development of enduring emotional attachments.
- Regulates hippocampal memory related activity.
- Involved in pleasure and reward Nucleus accumbens - ✔✔Modulates the limbic system.
- Involved in reward and pleasure circuit. Cingulate gyrus - ✔✔integrates emotional information and cognition before conveying that information to the hypothalamus in neocortex.
- Assigns emotional value to stimuli.
- Involved in mother child interaction, long-term attachments.
- Regulates automatic, endocrine functioning and motor functions.
- Involved in retrieval of short term memories. Basal ganglia (4 parts)? - ✔✔1. Striatum
- Promoting positive change
- Being aware of and utilizing family's support systems first attachment theorist described as "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings? - ✔✔John Bowlby He believed early bonds formed by children with caregivers have tremendous impact and continues throughout life? - ✔✔John Bowlby Central theme is that primary caregivers respond to infants needs and child develops a sense of security? - ✔✔Attachment theory expanded on Bowleys' original work in 1970. She described 3 major styles of attachment: secure, ambivalent-insecure, and avoidant-insecure attachment? - ✔✔Ainsworth Attachment theory stages? - ✔✔1. Pre-attachment birth - 3 months 2.Indiscriminate 6 weeks - 7 months,
- Discriminate Attachment: 7 - 11 months
- Multiple Attachment: after 9 months Indiscriminate 6 weeks - 7 months - ✔✔infants begin to show preference for primary/secondary caregivers. Begin to feel trust that caregivers will respond to their needs. By 7 months begin to distinguish familiar and unfamiliar people, respond more positively to primary caregiver? Discriminate Attachment: 7 - 11 months - ✔✔show a strong attachment to specific individual, will begin to protest when separated from primary attachment- separation anxiety and begin to display stranger anxiety? Primary - ✔✔Prevent the occurrence of disease? Secondary - ✔✔After the disease occurrence
Early detection, diagnosis, treatment of signs and symptoms? Tertiary - ✔✔Recovery and rehabilitation Maximize the level of functioning? Role of the Family Nurse-Functions-Primary prevention - ✔✔Health promotion and disease prevention Most exciting role for the family nurse Teach families to take responsibility for health and attain health goals by enjoying a healthy lifestyle?Type of prevention? Role of the Family Nurse-Functions- Secondary prevention - ✔✔Conduct screening assessments Make referrals Determine patterns of dysfunction Health teaching? Role of the Family Nurse-Functions- Tertiary Prevention - ✔✔Provide support to families in the rehabilitation process. Case manager, advocate, teacher and counselor? Role of the Family Nurse-Challenges-Primary prevention - ✔✔Monetary/lack of financial resources Attitudes of health care providers Health care professional as poor role models Environmental hazards Lack of health knowledge in patients Access to healthcare Education Employment? Role of the Family Nurse-Challenges-Secondary prevention - ✔✔Denial of health issues
Self-care of the family can incorporate health beliefs of the family Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings? - ✔✔A family has energy fields that respond to the environment similar to individuals. Families have stages of development and progress in one direction Permeability of boundaries determines the degree of responsiveness required from environmental input Newman's Expanding Consciousness Model? - ✔✔Expansion of consciousness defines health. Individuals move unidirectionally to expand consciousness and allow this inside and outside of the family unit; can incorporate the family with community energy fields. As the individual of a family moves towards consciousness, he/she can explain the internal dynamics of the family. APN working with the family- Role of Advanced Practice Nurse(APN) - ✔✔• Promoting the health of one(sick individual) can improve the health of all(family)
- Primary care providers and are at the forefront of providing preventative care to the public.
- Help to discover health problems of other family members
- Able to identify level of prevention: Primary secondary Tertiary Thalamus - ✔✔• Gaits information to the neocortex
- Processes information coming from the 5 senses and information coming from the amygdala and cerebellum before it goes to the neocortex
- Involved in wakefulness, sleep, and pain perception Amygdala - ✔✔• Anxiety and anger
- Generates rudimentary emotions such as fear, rage, religious ecstasy, and sexual desire
- Surveys the environment
- Regulates fear and response to stress
- Evaluates expression of friendliness, fear, love, affection, distrust, and anger
- Contributes to emotional memories, especially fear
- Seeks attachment indiscriminately Insula - ✔✔• Involved in negative emotions: disgust, pain, hunger, empathy, and callousness Thalamus - ✔✔• Gaits information to the neocortex
- Processes information coming from the 5 senses and information coming from the amygdala and cerebellum before it goes to the neocortex
- Involved in wakefulness, sleep, and pain perception Olfactory bulb - ✔✔• Sense of smell
- Crucial for survival- involved in fight or flight response and sexuality
- Triggers past memories Cerebrum? - ✔✔• Functions as an auxiliary structure for the entire cerebral cortex
- Posture and balance in walking
- Sequential movements required in eating and writing
- Control speed and acceleration of movement
- Involved in smooth eye movement
- Cognition and language
- Memory and impulse control Brainstem (Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain)? - ✔✔• Medulla oblongata- regulation of blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. Reflex center for vomiting coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping.
- Pons- Relays information from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum
- Midbrain- control many sensory and motor functions including eye movement According to Friedman, Bowden, and Jones (2003) the family has 2 purposes? - ✔✔1. Meeting the needs of society by mediating the interdependency that exists between family members and society.
- White matter and Gray metter Function of afferent neurons? - ✔✔Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter both? - ✔✔DOPAMINE is a special neurotransmitter because it is considered to be both excitatory and inhibitory. excitatory neurotransmitters? - ✔✔GABA Mechanism of action for neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system? - ✔✔Nerves that release acetylcholine are said to be cholinergic. In the parasympathetic system, ganglionic neurons use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to stimulate muscarinic receptors. Composition of myelin? - ✔✔Myelin basic protein (MBP) constitutes ~23% of myelin protein,[4] myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and proteolipid protein (PLP, which makes up ~50% of myelin protein[5]). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside. Etiology of Parkinson's disease? - ✔✔Genetics, Environment, Lewy bodies, Loss of dopamine, Age, and gender, Occupations Awareness that families with same sex partnerships often do not have? - ✔✔normative structure and suffer from greater stigmatization, and have different developmental stages is essential. Medulla oblongata? - ✔✔regulation of blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. Reflex center for vomiting coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping. Pons? - ✔✔Relays information from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum Midbrain? - ✔✔control many sensory and motor functions including eye movement
Involved in arousal and sleep- the "toggle switch"? - ✔✔Reticular activating system (RAS) Nurses care for the whole family unit in the home environment? - ✔✔Nightingale's Environmental Model 6 stages of health/illness and family interactions? - ✔✔1: Family Efforts at Health Promotion-Many lifestyles that affect health are learned in the family. 2: Family Appraisal of Symptoms-This stage begins when a family member has symptoms. 3: Care Seeking-A decision is made to seek medical care. 4: Referral and Obtaining Care-Contact with a health care provider is initiated. 5: Acute Response to Illness by Client and Family-The patient takes on the "sick role" and adaptation in this role begins with the patient and family. 6: Adaptation to Illness and Recovery- Support of the patient by the family unit begins for convalescing and rehabilitating. The definition of family is determined? - ✔✔"the family is composed of persons joined together by bonds of marriage, blood, or adoption and residing in the same household" The American family today can be? - ✔✔Nuclear FamilyAdoptive Family Dual- Earner Family Childless Family Foster Family Extended Family Single-Parent FamilySingle Adult Living Alone Unmarried Teenage Mother Stepparent Family Binuclear Family Nonmarital Heterosexual Cohabiting Family Gay and Lesbian Family
Dates of marriage, divorce, and death Significant illnesses and mental disorders or chemical dependencies Immigration/ethnicity Geographic moves Occupations Race Religion Males are represented by squares Females are represented by circles 6 Principles of Communication? - ✔✔1All behavior is communication—verbal or nonverbal. 2Communication has 2 levels-information and command; information is the content of what is said while the command is the intent and how the message is delivered both verbally and nonverbally. 3Punctuations of communication include the circularity of communication and how messages pertain to past communication (See Figure 10-4, p. 270). 4Two types of communication are digital and analog; digital is verbal with analog nonverbal behavior. 5Redundancy principle-families communicate with behavior sequences that are repetitive and these assist with assessment of family communication patterns. 6Communication is symmetrical or complementary; symmetrical communication mirrors the other individual where complementary behavior is supplemental. Family power within the family unit is determined by? - ✔✔the ability of a member to change the behavior of other family members. Subsystems of the family unit that factor into power situations include? - ✔✔marital, parental, offspring, sibling, and kinship. Family power hierarchy:? - ✔✔"Pecking order" in a family. Formation of coalition:? - ✔✔Assists with control of dominating power structures among family members.
Family communications network:? - ✔✔Lines of communication are determined by the age, sex, and personalities of family members and this creates a need for an intermediary or "go between" family member. Age and family life cycle factors:? - ✔✔Power structure changes in families with evolution through the life cycles. two types of families that have been discussed through the years? - ✔✔ 1 patriarchal 2 egalitarian the father is the traditional head of the household who wields the power and other members of the family are subordinate to him? - ✔✔patriarchal practices equality with consensus in decision-making and increased participation of children as they get older? - ✔✔egalitarian family 5 recognized forms of abuse? - ✔✔1violent, abusive, and 2negligent actions and include 3 spouse/intimate partner abuse, 4child abuse, sibling abuse, 5elder abuse, and parent abuse America's core family values that family nurses should have knowledge:? - ✔✔Productivity/Individual achievement: These are highly regarded in traditional values. Individualism: Increase trend with movement for individualism and freedom of choice. Materialism/The consumption ethic: Society defines as a cultural value. The work ethic: Historically, the value placed upon work has evolved in conjunction with economic times and expectations. Education: Education motivates productivity in families. Equality: The American culture values equality more than other cultures.
Health Promotion Model 6 behavior-specific cognitions:? - ✔✔ 1 Perceived benefits of action 2 Perceived barriers to action 3 Perceived self-efficacy 4Activity-related affect 5 Interpersonal influences (family, peers, providers); norms, support, models 6 Situational influences; options demand characteristics aesthetics Self-confrontation:? - ✔✔health changing behaviors occur when individuals realize incompatibilities with their own beliefs, values, and behaviors. Cognitive reframing:? - ✔✔assists families to view past situations from a different perspective; promotes positive self-statements and increased personal control. Operant conditioning:? - ✔✔consequences determine behavior; desirable behavior is reinforced and undesirable behavior is discouraged. 3 phases of stress that occur to family members? - ✔✔1. Antistress Period
- Actual Stress Period
- Poststress Period Antistress Period? - ✔✔Occurs prior to confronting the stressor; anticipation; if the stressor is identified early coping strategies can be identified to lessen the impact. Actual Stress Period? - ✔✔Increased energy required by family members to cope with stressor(s); basic survival methods can be used at this time which may include intrafamilial and spiritual resources. Poststress Period? - ✔✔Focus is on attaining homeostasis of the family unit; families are challenged at this time and can regress in dynamics; families need to focus intensely on affective function at this time.
Reciprocal Determinism of the Ripple Effect:? - ✔✔occurs when a significant stressor impacts one family member and the effect "ripples" to the entire family unit; circular causation. General Systems theory,Nonsummativity:? - ✔✔the family unit is "greater than the sum of its parts"; a comprehensive assessment of the family includes all components of the interrelatedness. Self-Reflexivity and Goal Seeking:? - ✔✔families have an innate sense to focus on their organizational structure and function and then to set goals accordingly; communication is the key methodology for ensuring success of this process. Open, Family system? - ✔✔Open family-in an open system with the environment; change is necessary and desirable; boundaries are permeable in the family system. Closed Systems:? - ✔✔social control; rigidity; change is a stressor to the family Random Family Systems:? - ✔✔individual family members determine their boundaries; family dynamics are in chaos Differentiation:? - ✔✔this is the family's ability to grow and become more complex in structure and function. Secure attachment is marked by? - ✔✔distress when separated from caregivers and are joy when the caregiver returns. Ambivalently attached children? - ✔✔children usually become very distressed when a parent leaves. When offered a choice, these children will show no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger.? - ✔✔Avoidant Attachment children with an ------------- attachment tend to avoid parents or caregivers.? - ✔✔avoidant
