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NSG |! 531 |! Advanced |!
Pharmacology |! Rush |! university |!
Exam |! 2 |! with |! complete |! answers
Pharmacodynamics: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔what |! the |! drug |! does |! to |! the |! body What |! is |! an |! LDR |! curve? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! log |! dose |! response |! curve, |! or |! a |! curve |! that |! describes |! the |! relationship |! bewteen |! the |! drug |! effect |! (Y |! axis) |! and |! the |! log |! of |! the |! dose |! (X |! axis). What |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! quantal |! and |! graded |! LDR |! curves? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Graded: |! the |! effect |! of |! the |! drug |! falls |! on |! a |! scale |! (i.e. |! how |! many |! mmHG |! did |! the |! BP |! decline |! when |! plotted |! against |! an |! increasing |! log |! dose?) |! Quantal: |! the |! "response" |! is |! predefined |! (i.e. |! a |! SBP |! < |! 130 |! mmHg) |! and |! data |! is |! plotted |! to |! show |! who |! was |! affected |! and |! who |! wasn't. |! an |! either/or |! situation. Potency |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dose |! of |! a |! drug |! necessary |! to |! produce |! 50% |! of |! a |! drug's |! maximal |! effect |! (ED50). |! Sort |! of |! tells |! you |! "how |! much |! bang |! you |! get |! for |! your |! buck" |! in |! terms |! of |! solely |! dosage |! amount. If |! the |! maximal |! response |! to |! a |! new |! medication |! is |! a |! 50mmHg |! decline |! in |! SBP, |! what |! is |! the |! ED50 |! on |! a |! graded |! LDR |! curve? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dosage |! that |! will |! produce |! a |! 25mmHg |! declined |! in |! SBP.
If |! the |! desired |! response |! for |! a |! new |! medication |! is |! a |! decrease |! in |! SBP |! to |! < |! 130 |! mmHg, |! what |! is |! the |! ED50 |! on |! a |! quantal |! LDR |! curve? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dosage |! associated |! with |! reaching |! the |! target |! BP |! (< |! 130) |! in |! 50% |! of |! the |! population. Efficacy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! maximum |! response |! that |! a |! drug |! is |! capable |! of |! producing. Compare |! each |! drug's |! potency |! and |! efficacy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ What |! does |! the |! steepness |! of |! an |! LDR |! curve |! indicate? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔What |! degree |! of |! effect |! a |! dose |! change |! will |! have |! (slight |! change |! on |! a |! steep |! curve |! will |! elicit |! large |! effects, |! big |! change |! on |! a |! flat |! curve |! will |! elicit |! small |! effects). ED50 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dose |! of |! a |! medication |! that |! produces |! a |! specific |! therapeutic |! effect |! in |! 50% |! of |! the |! population. TD50 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! dose |! of |! a |! medication |! that |! produces |! a |! specific |! toxic |! effect |! in |! 50% |! of |! the |! population. Therapeutic |! index |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔TD50/ED50, |! or |! the |! space |! between |! the |! therapeutic |! and |! toxic |! LDR |! curves |! of |! a |! drug.
Kd |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! concentration |! of |! drug |! in |! the |! plasma |! when |! 50% |! of |! the |! target |! receptors |! are |! occupied Partial |! agonist |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! drug |! that |! binds |! to |! a |! receptor |! and |! stimulates |! an |! effect |! that |! has |! both |! lower |! potency |! (curve |! is |! shifted |! right |! of |! the |! full |! agonist) |! and |! efficacy |! (curve |! is |! shorter |! in |! height). Why |! would |! we |! give |! a |! partial |! agonist? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔To |! prevent |! undesirable |! side |! effects |! of |! the |! full |! agonist, |! or |! because |! the |! full |! agonist |! isn't |! necessary. |! Ex: |! greater |! pain |! relief |! and |! psychotropic |! effects |! from |! methadone, |! but |! less |! respiratory |! depression |! from |! buprenorphine. Competitive |! antagonism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Reversible; |! effects |! depend |! on |! the |! relative |! concentration |! of |! the |! agonist |! and |! antagonists |! (which |! also |! occupy |! receptor |! sites) What |! will |! the |! LDR |! curve |! of |! an |! agonist |! combined |! with |! a |! fixed |! dose |! of |! a |! competitive |! antagonist |! look |! like? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Parallel |! to |! the |! agonist |! curve, |! but |! shifted |! to |! the |! right. |! Effects |! of |! the |! antagonist |! can |! be |! overcome |! with |! an |! increased |! dose |! of |! the |! agonist. Noncompetitive |! antagonism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Irreversible; |! effects |! are |! independent |! of |! the |! relative |! concentration |! of |! the |! agonist |! and |! antagonist |! (which |! don't |! occupy |! the |! agonists' |! receptor |! sites). What |! will |! the |! LDR |! curve |! of |! an |! agonist |! combined |! with |! a |! fixed |! dose |! of |! a |! noncompetitive |! antagonist |! look |! like? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Shifted |! downward |!
and |! to |! the |! right. |! Effects |! of |! the |! antagonist |! cannot |! be |! overcome |! with |! an |! increased |! dose |! of |! the |! agonist. What |! is |! the |! clinical |! relevance |! of |! giving |! an |! irreversible, |! non-competitive |! antagonist? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Must |! wait |! for |! the |! effects |! of |! the |! antagonist |! to |! wear |! off, |! since |! giving |! more |! agonist |! will |! have |! no |! effect |! (ex: |! pt |! stops |! taking |! aspirin |! 10-14 |! days |! prior |! to |! surgery). What |! type |! of |! antagonist |! drug |! do |! we |! most |! often |! administer? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Reversible, |! competitive |! antagonists |! (much |! easier |! to |! control). True |! or |! false: |! no |! matter |! how |! high |! the |! molar |! concentration |! of |! a |! reversible, |! competitive |! antagonist, |! you |! can |! always |! overcome |! it |! by |! giving |! a |! higher |! dose |! of |! agonist. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True Receptors |! are |! considered |! ______ |! when |! the |! maximal |! response |! is |! elicited |! by |! an |! agonist |! at |! a |! concentration |! that |! doesn't |! produce |! full |! occupancy |! of |! the |! available |! receptors. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Spare; |! curve |! could |! continue |! to |! be |! shifted |! right |! and |! parallel, |! even |! with |! irreversible, |! noncompetitive |! antagonists, |! until |! all |! spare |! receptors |! are |! in |! use |! and |! the |! antagonist |! concentration |! is |! high |! enough. We |! can |! demonstrate |! that |! spare |! receptors |! exist |! if |! an |! agonist's |! EC50 |! is |! _____ |! than |! its |! Kd. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lower; |! the |! drug |! is |! eliciting |! maximum |! effects |! in |! 50% |! of |! the |! population |! while |! occupying |! less |! than |! 50% |! of |! the |! receptors |! (spare |! receptors |! exist |! to |! be |! recruited |! in |! the |! event |! that |! an |! antagonist |! is |! given)
|! and |! activates |! adenylyl |! cyclase, |! and |! converts |! ATP |! into |! the |! second |! messenger |! cyclic |! AMP. |! cAMP |! phosphorylates |! protein |! kinases, |! from |! which |! the |! catalytic |! portion |! dissociates |! and |! phosphorylates |! proteins. |! Once |! activated, |! those |! proteins |! can |! do |! many |! things |! in |! the |! cell. Describe |! the |! enzyme |! phospholipase |! C |! beta |! (PLC-ß) |! pathway |! after |! activation |! of |! a |! G |! protein-coupled |! receptor. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! alpha |! subunit |! attaches |! to |! and |! activates |! PLC-ß, |! which |! cleaves |! phospholipids |! present |! in |! the |! cell |! membrane |! (PIP2 |! into |! IP3). |! IP3 |! binds |! to |! receptors |! on |! the |! endoplasmic |! reticulum |! and |! Ca2+ |! (second |! messenger) |! is |! released |! into |! the |! cytoplasm. |! Ca2+ |! can |! do |! many |! things, |! including |! facilitating |! protein |! phosphorylation. True |! or |! false: |! phosphorylation |! of |! intracellular |! proteins |! is |! a |! major |! mechanism |! of |! action |! for |! many |! of |! our |! drugs. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True Describe |! the |! effects |! after |! activation |! of |! a |! tyrosine |! kinase |! (enzyme)-linked |! receptor. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔After |! the |! ligand |! binds, |! signals |! are |! sent |! to |! the |! intracellular |! tyrosine |! kinase |! domain |! of |! the |! receptor |! and |! a |! conformational |! change, |! or |! allosteric |! activation, |! occurs |! (tyrosine |! kinase |! domains |! swivel |! to |! face, |! and |! autophosphorylate, |! each |! other). |! Afterwards, |! other |! cellular |! proteins |! are |! also |! susceptible |! to |! being |! phosphorylated |! by |! the |! activated |! enzymes. Ligand-gated |! ion |! channels |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Channel |! composed |! of |! simple |! proteins |! that |! act |! like |! a |! gate. |! When |! a |! ligand |! binds |! to |! the |! receptor, |! the |! channel |! opens |! and |! a |! specific |! ion |! moves |! in |! or |! out |! of |! the |! cell |! according |! to |! its |! concentration |! gradient. |! Those |! ions |! may |! potentiate |! or |! inhibit |! an |! action |! potential.
Intracellular |! receptors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Expressed |! only |! within |! the |! cytoplasm, |! such |! that |! any |! binding |! ligand |! must |! be |! lipid |! soluble |! and |! diffuse |! according |! to |! its |! concentration |! gradient |! (often |! a |! steroid). |! Has |! 3 |! components |! - |! a |! drug |! binding |! site, |! heat |! shock |! protein, |! and |! underlying |! DNA-binding |! domain. Describe |! the |! mechanism |! by |! which |! activation |! of |! intracellular |! receptors |! produce |! new |! proteins. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! ligand |! (steroid) |! binds |! to |! the |! receptor, |! which |! stimulates |! release |! of |! the |! heat |! shock |! protein |! and |! exposes |! the |! underlying |! DNA-binding |! domain. |! The |! receptor |! then |! translocates |! into |! the |! nucleus |! of |! the |! cell |! and |! activates |! a |! gene, |! transcribes |! mRNA, |! translocates |! ribosomes, |! and |! produces |! new |! proteins. True |! or |! false: |! after |! ligand |! binding, |! the |! response |! from |! a |! ligand-gated |! ion |! channel |! is |! much |! faster |! than |! that |! of |! an |! intracellular |! receptor. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True; |! intracellular |! receptors |! involve |! the |! longer |! process |! of |! synthesizing |! new |! proteins. Resting |! membrane |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔At |! rest, |! the |! interior |! of |! the |! cell |! has |! a |! voltage |! of |! approximately |! -70mV. |! This |! potential |! is |! created, |! and |! driven |! by |! the |! Na+/K+ |! ATPase |! pump |! (3 |! Na+ |! out |! for |! every |! 2K+ |! in, |! making |! the |! inside |! more |! negative). |! Based |! on |! that |! gradient, |! Na+ |! and |! K+ |! also |! passively |! flow |! in |! and |! out |! through |! leak |! channels, |! which |! are |! much |! more |! permissive |! for |! K+ |! than |! Na+. Action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! sudden |! change |! in |! the |! normal |! resting |! potential |! from |! (-) |! to |! (+). |! Happens |! after |! Na+ |! ions |! entering |! the |! cell |! cause |! the |! membrane |! to |! reach |! threshold |! (-55mV) |! and |! voltage-gated |! Na+ |!
Functions |! of |! the |! parasympathetic |! nervous |! system |! (PNS): |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Rest |! and |! digest: |! slows |! heart |! rate, |! increases |! gastric |! secretions, |! empties |! bladder |! and |! bowel, |! focuses |! eye |! for |! near |! vision, |! constricts |! pupil, |! constricts |! bronchi. Functions |! of |! the |! sympathetic |! nervous |! system |! (SNS): |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fight |! or |! flight: |! increases |! heart |! rate, |! increases |! BP, |! shunts |! blood |! from |! skin |! and |! viscera |! to |! skeletal |! muscles, |! dilates |! bronchi, |! and |! mobilizes |! energy |! stores. In |! the |! sympathetic |! nervous |! system, |! the |! ______ |! preganglionic |! fibers |! originate |! in |! the |! ______ |! , |! and |! synpase |! with |! many |! ______ |! postganglionic |! fibers |! at |! the |! paravertebral |! chain. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔short; |! thoracic |! and |! lumbar |! region |! of |! the |! spinal |! cord; |! long Paravertebral |! ganglia |! chain |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! collection |! of |! cell |! bodies, |! concentrated |! in |! chains, |! that |! lie |! right |! next |! to |! the |! spinal |! cord. In |! the |! parasympathetic |! nervous |! system, |! the |! _____ |! preganglionic |! fibers |! originate |! in |! the |! _____ |! and |! synapse |! with |! one |! or |! two |! ______ |! postganglionic |! fibers |! close |! to |! the |! effector |! organ. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔long; |! cranial |! and |! sacral |! region |! of |! the |! spinal |! cord; |! short In |! the |! voluntary, |! somatic |! nervous |! system, |! the |! neurotransmitter |! _____ |! binds |! to |! _____ |! receptors |! located |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! skeletal |! muscle |! cells. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔acetylcholine; |! nicotinic |! (a |! single |! fiber |! system)
How |! is |! acetylcholine |! synthesized |! and |! released |! from |! pre- |! and |! postganglionic |! fibers? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! nutrient |! choline |! enters |! the |! cell |! via |! a |! symporter |! (with |! Na+). |! An |! enzyme |! strips |! acetyl |! coenzyme |! A |! of |! its |! acetyl |! group |! and |! gives |! it |! to |! choline, |! making |! it |! acetylcholine. |! ACh |! is |! packaged |! into |! vesicles |! and |! stored. |! An |! action |! potential |! triggers |! the |! opening |! of |! voltage-gated |! Ca2+ |! channels. |! Flood |! of |! Ca2+ |! causes |! the |! vesicles |! to |! move |! to |! the |! end |! of |! the |! axon, |! fuse |! with |! the |! cell |! membrane, |! and |! mediate |! exocytosis. What |! happens |! to |! ACh |! after |! it's |! released |! into |! the |! synapse? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ACh |! can |! 1) |! bind |! to |! its |! muscarinic |! or |! nicotinic |! receptors |! 2) |! be |! degraded |! by |! acetylcholinesterase |! into |! acetate |! and |! choline, |! or |! 3) |! bind |! to |! the |! presynaptic |! receptor |! to |! inhibit |! further |! release |! of |! ACh. How |! is |! norepinephrine |! synthesized |! and |! released |! from |! post-ganglionic |! fibers |! in |! the |! ANS? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! precursor |! tyrosine |! is |! brought |! into |! the |! cell |! via |! a |! symporter |! (with |! Na+). |! Tyrosine |! is |! converted |! into |! dopa, |! which |! is |! converted |! into |! dopamine. |! Dopamine |! is |! stored |! in |! vesicles, |! and |! inside |! the |! vesicles |! it's |! converted |! to |! norepinephrine. |! An |! action |! potential |! triggers |! the |! opening |! of |! voltage-gated |! Ca2+ |! channels. |! Flood |! of |! Ca2+ |! causes |! the |! vesicles |! to |! move |! to |! the |! end |! of |! the |! axon, |! fuse |! with |! the |! cell |! membrane, |! and |! mediate |! exocytosis. What |! happens |! to |! norepinephrine |! once |! it's |! released |! into |! the |! synapse? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Norepinephrine |! can |! 1) |! bind |! to |! alpha |! or |! beta |! receptors |! expressed |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! the |! target |! cell, |! 2) |! be |! degraded |! into |! inactive |! metabolites |! by |! the |! enzyme |! COMT |! to |! be |! excreted |! in |! urine, |! or |! 3) |! bind |! to |! a |! presynaptic |! receptor |! to |! inhibit |! further |! release.
Atropine |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nonselective |! competitive |! (against |! ACh) |! muscarinic |! antagonist. |! Indicated |! for |! bradycardia, |! GI |! hypermotility, |! and |! to |! induce |! pupil |! dilation |! (mydriasis) |! for |! eye |! exams. |! Adverse |! effects: |! dry |! mouth, |! blurred |! vision, |! urinary |! retention, |! constipation, |! anhidrosis |! (inability |! to |! sweat). Epinephrine |! is |! released |! from |! ______ |! , |! and |! binds |! to |! ______ |!. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! adrenal |! medulla; |! all |! four |! adrenoceptors |! (with |! a |! greater |! affinity |! for |! beta |! receptors) Norepinephrine |! is |! released |! from |! ______ |! , |! and |! binds |! to |! ______ |!. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔post-ganglionic |! fibers; |! alpha |! 1, |! alpha |! 2, |! and |! beta |! 1 |! receptors |! (greater |! affinity |! for |! alpha |! receptors). Alpha |! 1 |! adrenoceptors |! are |! what |! type |! of |! receptor? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔G |! protein-coupled |! receptors, |! linked |! to |! the |! phospholipase |! C |! beta |! pathway. |! Binding |! of |! norepinephrine |! will |! increase |! IP3 |! and |! lead |! to |! smooth |! muscle |! contraction. Where |! are |! alpha |! 1 |! receptors |! located? |! What |! effects |! does |! ligand |! binding |! have |! at |! each |! site? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eyes |! (mydriasis), |! blood |! vessels |! in |! skin, |! viscera, |! gut, |! kidney, |! and |! brain |! (vasoconstriction), |! genitourinary |! (prostate |! contraction |! and |! ejaculation, |! smooth |! muscle |! contraction |! of |! internal |! urethral |! sphincter). Examples |! of |! alpha |! 1 |! agonists |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Phenylephrine |! (to |! induce |! mydriasis) |! and |! pseudoephedrine |! (nasal |! decongestant).
Examples |! of |! alpha |! 1 |! antagonists |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Doxazosin |! (to |! manage |! HTN) |! and |! tamsulosin |! (to |! manage |! BPH) Alpha |! 2 |! adrenoceptors |! are |! what |! type |! of |! receptor? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔G |! protein-coupled |! receptors, |! linked |! to |! the |! adenylyl |! cyclase |! pathway. |! Binding |! of |! norepinephrine |! will |! increase |! cAMP |! and |! lead |! to |! smooth |! muscle |! contraction. Where |! are |! alpha |! 2 |! receptors |! located? |! What |! effects |! does |! ligand |! binding |! have |! at |! each |! site? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Presynaptic |! nerve |! terminals |! (inhibits |! further |! neurotransmitter |! release) |! and |! blood |! vessels |! (vasoconstriction). Describe |! clonidine's |! effect |! on |! alpha |! 2 |! receptors. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Clonidine |! will |! both |! 1) |! inhibit |! norepinephrine |! release |! and |! 2) |! cause |! vasoconstriction |! in |! smooth |! muscles. |! The |! first |! effect |! is |! much |! stronger, |! making |! clonidine |! actually |! an |! antihypertensive. What |! type |! of |! receptors |! are |! beta |! 1 |! and |! 2 |! adrenoceptors? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔G |! protein-coupled |! receptors |! linked |! to |! the |! adenylyl |! cyclase |! pathway. Where |! are |! beta |! 1 |! receptors |! located? |! What |! effects |! does |! ligand |! binding |! have |! at |! each |! site? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Heart |! (increased |! heart |! rate |! and |! force |! of |! contraction) |! and |! juxtaglomerular |! cells |! (increased |! renin |! release) Isoproterenol |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nonselective |! beta |! agonist |! used |! for |! bronchodilation |! (beta |! 2) |! and |! as |! a |! cardiac |! stimulant |! (beta |! 1).
How |! do |! we |! reverse |! a |! depolarizing |! paralytic |! (succinylcholine)? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔We |! don't |! - |! it |! has |! a |! very |! short |! half |! life |! and |! we |! wait |! for |! natural |! reversal. |! If |! you |! tried |! to |! give |! an |! acetylcholinesterase |! inhibitor, |! it |! would |! actually |! also |! inhibit |! pseudocholinesterase, |! which |! would |! prevent |! the |! breakdown |! of |! succinylcholine. What |! are |! the |! 3 |! criteria |! to |! be |! classified |! as |! a |! neurotransmitter? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1) |! already |! packaged |! in |! vesicles |! in |! the |! presynaptic |! terminal |! 2) |! released |! in |! response |! to |! presynaptic |! depolarization |! (Ca2+ |! dependent) |! and |!
- |! have |! specific |! receptors |! expressed |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! the |! postsynaptic |! cell Excitatory |! neurotransmitters |! cause |! ______ |! , |! whereas |! inhibitory |! neurotransmitters |! prevent |! ______ |!. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔depolarization |! via |! Na+ |! influx; |! action |! potentials |! via |! Cl- |! influx |! or |! K+ |! efflux. Glutamate |! is |! an |! ______ |! amino |! acid |! neurotransmitter |! that |! binds |! to |! ______ |! postsynaptic |! receptors. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔excitatory; |! ionotropic |! (NMDA |! & |! AMPA) |! and |! metabotropic Activation |! of |! metabotropic |! receptors |! by |! glutamate |! can |! increase |! _____ |! or |! directly |! open |! ______ |! channels. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔intracellular |! Ca2+; |! Na+ AMPA |! and |! NMDA |! channels |! are |! ______ |! that |! are |! selective |! for |! ____ |! and |! ____ |! , |! creating |! a |! depolarizing |! current. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ionotropic |! (ligand-gated |! ion |! channels); |! Na+; |! Ca2+
Describe |! potential |! pathways |! for |! the |! alpha |! subunit |! after |! G |! protein-coupled |! receptor |! activation. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Activation |! of |! adenylyl |! cyclase |! or |! phospholipase |! C |! beta |! with |! their |! subsequent |! cascades, |! or |! direct |! binding |! to |! the |! effector |! (protein |! kinases |! or |! ion |! channel). Presynaptic |! glutamate |! receptors |! are |! _____ |! and |! cause |! _____ |!. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔G |! protein-coupled |! receptors |! committed |! to |! the |! adenylyl |! cyclase |! pathway; |! inhibition |! (via |! opening |! of |! Cl- |! or |! K+ |! channels |! or |! closing |! of |! Na+ |! or |! Ca2+ |! channels) Glutamate |! acts |! in |! an |! ______ |! fashion |! on |! postsynaptic |! neurons |! and |! an |! ______ |! fashion |! on |! presynaptic |! neurons. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔excitatory; |! inhibitory Long-term |! potentiation |! (LTP) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! neurological |! process |! that |! underlies |! learning |! and |! memory. |! Characterized |! by |! a |! postsynaptic |! neuron's |! excitability |! in |! response |! to |! repeated |! stimulation |! by |! glutamate. |! The |! more |! glutamate, |! the |! more |! responsive |! the |! postsynaptic |! cell. Describe |! the |! mechanism |! of |! long-term |! potentiation |! after |! repeated |! stimulation |! with |! glutamate |! on |! the |! postsynaptic |! cell. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! strong |! stimulus |! with |! glutamate |! increases |! Na+ |! flow |! through |! AMPA |! channels. |! The |! increased |! (+) |! charge |! knocks |! Mg2+ |! out |! of |! the |! way, |! so |! that |! Na+ |! and |! Ca2+ |! can |! flow |! through |! NMDA |! channels. |! Glutamate |! can |! also |! now |! activate |! GPCRs, |! which |! phosphorylate |! proteins |! via |! the |! PLC-ß |! pathway. |! AMPA |! channel |! is |! phosphorylated |! and |! becomes |! even |! more |! responsive |! to |! glutamate.
True |! or |! false: |! GABA-B |! receptors |! can |! be |! located |! on |! the |! presynaptic |! neurons |! that |! release |! glutamate. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True; |! GABA |! can |! spill |! over |! to |! nearby |! presynaptic |! glutamate |! neurons, |! binds |! to |! GABA-B |! receptors |! there, |! and |! inhibit |! the |! further |! release |! of |! glutamate. Baclofen |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔GABA-B |! receptor |! agonist |! and |! skeletal |! muscle |! relaxant. |! Binds |! to |! GABA-B |! receptors |! on |! postsynaptic |! motor |! neurons |! and |! presynaptic |! excitatory |! neurons |! that |! release |! glutamate. True |! or |! false: |! norepinephrine |! and |! dopamine |! are |! both |! catecholamines |! with |! a |! similar |! structure. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True: |! both |! have |! a |! benzene |! ring |! and |! two |! hydroxyl |! groups. Norepinephrine |! is |! released |! from |! the |! _____ |! in |! the |! CNS. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔locus |! ceruleus |! (part |! of |! the |! brainstem |! involved |! in |! stress |! and |! panic |! responses) Problems |! with |! tricyclic |! antidepressants |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Block |! re-uptake |! transporters |! for |! NE, |! with |! the |! previous |! theory |! that |! depression |! was |! caused |! by |! a |! depletion |! of |! catecholamines. |! But, |! they |! have |! a |! low |! sensitivity |! for |! NE, |! and |! also |! block |! the |! reuptake |! of |! serotonin |! (leading |! to |! serotonin |! syndrome) |! and |! histamine |! (causes |! sedation), |! and |! block |! postsynaptic |! muscarinic |! receptors |! for |! ACh |! (causing |! anticholinergic |! effects). Dopamine |! is |! largely |! produced |! from |! cells |! in |! the |! ______ |!. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔substantia |! nigra |! and |! ventral |! tegmental |! area |! of |! the |! brain; |! then |! travels |! to |!
the |! mesolimbic |! system |! (reward |! system, |! regulation |! of |! affect) |! and |! pathways |! that |! extend |! to |! the |! prefrontal |! cortex |! (effects |! on |! thinking |! and |! judgement) True |! or |! false: |! there |! are |! 5 |! known |! subtypes |! of |! dopamine |! receptors. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔True Effects |! of |! cocaine |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Blocks |! the |! reuptake |! of |! dopamine |! AND |! norepinephrine |! in |! presynaptnic |! neurons, |! leading |! to |! a |! sense |! of |! reward |! and |! pleasure, |! but |! also |! heightened |! sense |! of |! arousal |! and |! dangerous |! CV |! effects. How |! do |! first-generation |! antipsychotics |! (Haldol, |! thorazine) |! improve |! symptoms |! of |! schizophrenia? |! What |! are |! the |! undesirable |! side |! effects? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔As |! dopamine |! receptor |! (D2) |! antagonists, |! they |! block |! the |! effects |! of |! dopamine |! in |! the |! cerebral |! cortex, |! leading |! to |! desired |! behavioral |! changes. |! However, |! they |! also |! block |! the |! effects |! of |! dopamine |! in |! the |! mesolimbic |! system |! (changes |! in |! affect) |! and |! the |! basal |! ganglia |! and |! cerebellum |! (undesirable |! motor |! effects, |! tremors |! and |! shuffling |! gait). How |! are |! the |! newer, |! atypical |! antipsychotics |! an |! improvement |! over |! first- generation? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1) |! they |! block |! both |! dopamine |! and |! serotonin |! (D2, |! 5HT2) |! receptors |! - |! serotonin |! is |! associated |! with |! schizophrenia. |! 2) |! have |! faster |! on-off |! D2 |! kinetics |! to |! get |! desirable |! effects |! in |! the |! cortex, |! but |! avoid |! indesirable |! effects |! in |! the |! mesolimbic |! system, |! basal |! ganglia, |! and |! cerebellum. What |! imbalance |! of |! neurotransmitters |! causes |! typical |! Parkinson's |! Disease |! symptoms? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! depletion |! of |! dopamine |! (inhibitory |! effects |!
