Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

NSG 531 - Rush university- Advanced Pharmacology Exam 3 with verified detailed solutions, Exams of Nursing

NSG 531 - Rush university- Advanced Pharmacology Exam 3 with verified detailed solutions

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/03/2025

smart-scores
smart-scores 🇺🇸

5

(2)

6.8K documents

1 / 36

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
NSG |! 531 |! - |! Rush |! university- |! Advanced |!
Pharmacology |! Exam |! 3 |! with |! verified |!
detailed |! solutions
what |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! cardiac |! myocyte |! action |! potential |! and |! that |! of
|! the |! CNS |! or |! ANS? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! nerve |! cell |! action |! potential |! is |! very |!
short
cardiac |! action |! potential |! is |! much |! longer
they |! are |! longer |! to |! have |! adequate |! filling |! time |! in |! order |! to |! get |! a |! good |!
contraction |! for |! a |! reasonable |! bolus |! of |! blood
the |! only |! way |! this |! can |! happen |! is |! if |! the |! action |! potential |! is |! longer
this |! will |! also |! mean |! that |! the |! refractory |! period |! will |! be |! longer
What |! are |! the |! 5 |! phases |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential? |! - |! Correct |!
answer |! 0 |! - |! depolarization
1 |! - |! partial |! repolarization
2 |! - |! plateau
3 |! - |! repolarization
4 |! - |! resting |! membrane |! potential
what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 0 |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |!
Correct |! answer |! depolarization
voltage |! gated |! sodium |! channels |! are |! opening |! up |! until |! we |! get |! past |! threshold
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24

Partial preview of the text

Download NSG 531 - Rush university- Advanced Pharmacology Exam 3 with verified detailed solutions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NSG |! 531 |! - |! Rush |! university- |! Advanced |!

Pharmacology |! Exam |! 3 |! with |! verified |!

detailed |! solutions

what |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! cardiac |! myocyte |! action |! potential |! and |! that |! of |! the |! CNS |! or |! ANS? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔nerve |! cell |! action |! potential |! is |! very |! short cardiac |! action |! potential |! is |! much |! longer they |! are |! longer |! to |! have |! adequate |! filling |! time |! in |! order |! to |! get |! a |! good |! contraction |! for |! a |! reasonable |! bolus |! of |! blood the |! only |! way |! this |! can |! happen |! is |! if |! the |! action |! potential |! is |! longer this |! will |! also |! mean |! that |! the |! refractory |! period |! will |! be |! longer What |! are |! the |! 5 |! phases |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 0 |! - |! depolarization 1 |! - |! partial |! repolarization 2 |! - |! plateau 3 |! - |! repolarization 4 |! - |! resting |! membrane |! potential what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 0 |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔depolarization voltage |! gated |! sodium |! channels |! are |! opening |! up |! until |! we |! get |! past |! threshold

what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 1 |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔partial |! repolarization what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 2 |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔plateau calcium |! channels |! open |! (L-type |! because |! they |! are |! long) potassium |! is |! still |! open potassium |! out |! and |! calcium |! in |! - |! they |! are |! opposing |! each |! other |! in |! voltage |! giving |! the |! plateau this |! is |! when |! the |! ventricles |! are |! filling what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 3 |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔repolarization calcium |! channels |! are |! closed potassium |! channels |! are |! the |! only |! thing |! open |! taking |! their |! positive |! charge |! with |! them |! making |! the |! interior |! more |! negative what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 4 |! of |! the |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔resting |! membrane |! potential |! where |! we |! are |! in |! between |! action |! potentials |! there |! is |! no |! net |! change |! in |! ovltage |! inside |! the |! cell When |! does |! contraction |! take |! place? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔begins |! towards |! the |! end |! of |! repolarization |! and |! ends |! at |! some |! point |! during |! repolarization

something |! is |! coming |! to |! open |! voltage |! gated |! calcium |! channels |! (L-type) |! calcium |! comes |! rushing |! in what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 3 |! of |! the |! pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔repolarization potassium |! channels |! now |! open |! up, |! potassium |! rushes |! out, |! repolarizes what |! happens |! during |! phase |! 4 |! of |! the |! pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔slow |! depolarization with |! potassium |! rushing |! out |! we |! are |! all |! the |! way |! down |! at |! - funny |! sodium |! channels |! open |! up |! until |! voltage |! reaches |! - T-type |! (transient) |! calcium |! channels |! open |! up |! until |! voltage |! reaches |! - L-type |! calcium |! channels |! then |! open |! back |! up Describe |! how |! non-pacemaker |! APs |! can |! mimic |! pacemkaer |! APs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hypoxia |! and |! ischemia |! when |! the |! resting |! membrane |! potential |! is |! not |! getting |! enough |! oxygen |! it |! is |! going |! to |! become |! more |! positive |! because |! you |! need |! oxygen |! to |! produce |! ATP. |! If |! we |! are |! deficient |! in |! ATP |! then |! the |! NA |! K |! ATPase |! pump |! wont |! be |! functioning if |! someone |! is |! hypoxic |! in |! a |! focal |! area |! - |! say |! they |! have |! a |! resting |! membrane |! potential |! at |! -45 |! - |! the |! fast |! sodium |! channels |! won't |! open |! - |! they |! start |! using |! calcium |! to |! open |! - |! so |! they |! would |! convert |! into |! action |! potentials |! that |! use |! calcium |! (hence |! how |! they |! mimic |! pacemaker |! APs)

excitation-contraction |! coupling |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sequence |! of |! events |! from |! motor |! neuron |! signaling |! to |! a |! skeletal |! muscle |! fiber |! to |! contraction |! of |! the |! fiber's |! sarcomeres conversion |! of |! depolarizing |! currents |! into |! contractile |! force L-type |! calcium |! channels |! open |! up |! in |! phase |! 2 |! in |! nonpacemaker |! - |! calcium |! comes |! flooding |! into |! myocytes, |! so |! we |! now |! have |! calcium |! in |! the |! cell |! and |! a |! sarcoplasmic |! recticulum |! (a |! resovior |! for |! calcium) receptors |! called |! RYR |! (ligand |! gated |! calcium |! channels) calcium |! then |! comes |! out |! - |! coming |! int |! the |! cell |! from |! the |! calcium |! channels |! and |! the |! sarcoplasmic |! recticulum describe |! how |! calcium |! binds |! to |! cause |! contraction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔when |! there |! is |! an |! influx |! of |! calcium |! in |! the |! cell |! there |! is |! a |! myosin |! head |! separated |! by |! troponin. |! little |! binding |! sites |! for |! the |! myosin |! exist |! on |! the |! aktin |! but |! it |! can't |! get |! to |! it |! because |! of |! the |! troponin. |! calcium |! therefore |! binds |! to |! the |! tropinin |! causing |! a |! confirmational |! change |! in |! troponin |! so |! it |! will |! move |! and |! take |! the |! tropomyosin |! with |! it. |! the |! myosin |! can |! then |! bind |! to |! the |! aktin |! molecules |! when |! it |! binds |! it |! activates |! ATP the |! ATP |! will |! be |! used |! to |! generate |! the |! sliding |! of |! the |! aktin |! and |! the |! myosin |! filaments |! against |! each |! other |! shortening |! the |! muscle |! cell |! causing |! contraction Describe |! how |! adrenergic |! stimulation |! increases |! the |! force |! of |! contraction |! through |! inotropic |! effects |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔NE |! and |! epi |! bind |! to |! adenylyl |! cyclase |! coupled |! g |! proteins |! (beta |! 1) leads |! to |! phosphorylation |! of |! Ca |! channels |! and |! opens |! them increases |! inward |! movement |! of |! Ca there |! is |! also |! increased |! release |! of |! Ca |! from |! the |! SR

can |! bind |! to |! t-type |! calcium |! channel |! - |! opens |! after |! funny |! sodium |! and |! before |! L-type |! - |! if |! it |! binds |! it |! will |! inhibit |! it |! which |! will |! decrease |! the |! heart |! rate it |! can |! also |! bind |! to |! potassium |! channels |! increasing |! intracellular |! potassium |! causes |! repolarization |! and |! actually |! hyperpolarization both |! will |! have |! negative |! chronotropic |! effects |! and |! decrease |! the |! heart |! rate reduces |! opening |! of |! Ca2 |! channels |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! the |! nodal |! cells |! - |! Ach |! opens |! K+ |! channels |! and |! hyperpolarizes |! nodal |! cells |! moving |! them |! further |! away |! from |! threshold heart |! block |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one |! of |! the |! main |! phenomena |! causing |! pathological |! disturbances |! in |! rhythms arises |! from |! fibrosis |! or |! ischemia |! damage |! in |! the |! conducting |! system |! - |! usually |! in |! the |! AV |! node ectopic |! pacemaker |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one |! of |! the |! main |! phenomena |! causing |! pathological |! disturbances |! in |! rhythms pacemaker |! activity |! can |! arise |! from |! other |! tissue |! when |! there |! is |! ischemia |! or increased |! catecholamines |! they |! increase |! intracellular |! Ca2 |! concentration |! raise |! resting |! membrane |! potential |! and |! can |! close |! Na |! channels after |! depolarizations |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one |! of |! the |! main |! phenomena |! causing |! pathological |! disturbances |! in |! rhythms

-spontaneous |! depolarizations |! of |! nonpacemaker |! cells |! during |! either |! phase |! 3 |! (repolarization) |! or |! phase |! 4 |! (RMP); |! occur |! after |! ERP what |! causes |! after |! depolarizations |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔most |! often |! caused |! by |! elevated |! intracelluar |! calcium |! that |! triggers |! abnormal |! action |! potentials associated |! with |! hypercalcemia |! and |! excessive |! catecholamines treated |! with |! calcium |! channel |! blockers |! and |! beta |! blockers what |! are |! the |! main |! phenomena |! causing |! pathological |! disturbances |! in |! rhythms |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔after-depolarizations heart |! block ectopic |! pacemaker re-entry Re-entry |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one |! of |! the |! main |! phenomena |! causing |! pathological |! disturbances |! in |! rhythms a |! signle |! impulse |! re-enters |! an |! area |! of |! the |! heart |! and |! repeatedly |! excites |! it the |! impulse |! circles |! around |! and |! is |! not |! extinguished typically |! impulses |! run |! into |! each |! other |! and |! die |! out if |! they |! have |! a |! unidirectional |! block |! there |! is |! no |! second |! impulse |! coming |! around |! to |! block |! the |! other |! one |! that |! will |! then |! circle conditions |! leading |! to |! re-entry |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔physiologic |! ring unidirectional |! block conduction |! time>ERP

class |! II |! - |! beta |! adrenergic |! blockers class |! III |! - |! potassium |! channel |! blockers |! - |! drugs |! that |! prolong |! cardiac |! action |! potential |! increase |! in |! the |! refractory |! period Class |! IV |! - |! calcium |! channel |! blockers Class |! I |! anti-arrhythmic |! agents |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔act |! on |! myocytes |! not |! pacemaker |! cells |! (driven |! by |! sodium) effect |! on |! the |! action |! potential |! is |! to |! prolong |! depolarization |! (phase |! 0) are |! use |! dependent |! because |! they |! work |! better |! at |! faster |! heart |! rates |! (bind |! preferentially |! to |! open |! or |! inactivated |! channels) what |! are |! the |! three |! states |! that |! the |! sodium |! channels |! exist |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔threshold depolarizing |! spike refractory Class |! IA |! antiarrhythmics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-slow |! depolarization |! (phase |! 0) -bind |! to |! open |! Na |! channels -dissociate |! from |! Na |! channels |! with |! intermediate |! kinetics -also |! prolong |! repolarization |! and |! refractory |! period |! by |! blocking |! potassium |! channels examples |! - |! disopyramide, |! quinidine, |! procainamide competitive |! reversible |! antagonists |! - |! prolonging |! repolarization

afib |! atrial |! flutter |! v |! tach Class |! Ib |! anti-arrhythmic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dissociate |! from |! the |! Na |! channels |! with |! rapid |! kinetics |! (come |! off |! fast |! - |! they |! gon |! on |! and |! stay |! on |! long |! enough |! to |! block |! ectopic |! impulse |! but |! allow |! a |! normal |! impulse |! to |! occur) preferentially |! bind |! to |! inactivated |! channels |! which |! results |! in |! preferential |! effects |! in |! ischemic |! tissue ischemic |! tissues |! characterized |! by |! depolarization they |! take |! longer |! to |! repolarize |! (phase |! 3) thus |! Na |! channels |! are |! in |! inactivated |! state |! longer |! than |! in |! normal |! tissue don't |! bind |! to |! K |! channels |! (no |! effect |! on |! ERP) more |! selective |! - |! look |! for |! areas |! of |! hyperexcitability |! - |! ischemic |! areas |! - |! keep |! in |! inactive |! state |! longer Class |! Ic |! anti-arrhythmic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dissociate |! from |! Na |! channel |! with |! slow |! kinetics |! - |! stay |! on |! longer bind |! to |! open |! Na |! channels cause |! general |! reduction |! in |! excitability |! because |! they |! stay |! on |! longer don't |! bind |! to |! K |! channels could |! end |! up |! blocking |! a |! normal |! impulse |! because |! they |! stay |! on |! so |! long what |! are |! the |! main |! differences |! in |! action |! with |! Class |! Ia |! Ib |! and |! Ic |! antiarrhythmic |! durgs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1a |! - |! inbetween |! in |! terms |! of |! fast |! on |! off. |! they |! like |! open |! channels. |! slow |! rate |! of |! depolarization |! prolong |! repolarization

Class |! III |! drugs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blocking |! of |! K |! channels |! prolong |! action |! potentials |! by |! increasing |! time |! of |! repolarization increase |! the |! refractory |! period |! of |! the |! membrane |! action |! potential |! without |! altering |! the |! phase |! of |! depolarization |! or |! the |! resting |! membrane |! potential block |! K |! channel |! you |! are |! going |! to |! extend |! the |! length |! of |! the |! action |! potential |! increasing |! time |! of |! repolarization class |! III |! drug |! effect |! on |! non-pacemaker |! action |! potential |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔substantially |! prolongs |! phase |! 3 class |! IV |! drugs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔block |! L-type |! calcium |! channels slow |! conduction |! through |! SA |! and |! AV |! node |! and |! increase |! the |! duration |! of |! phase |! 0 |! depolarization |! (negative |! chronotropic |! effects) cause |! negative |! inotropic |! effects cause |! dilation |! of |! blood |! vessels we |! don't |! want |! to |! block |! the |! t-type |! which |! bridge |! the |! gap |! from |! funny |! to |! L decrease |! HR |! and |! BP Cardiac |! Glycosides |! (digoxin) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔stimulate |! the |! vagus |! (negative |! chronotropic |! effect) inhibit |! NaKATPase |! pump |! (positive |! inotropic |! effect)

(decreased |! HR |! due |! to |! stimulation |! of |! the |! vagus) |! (increase |! force |! of |! contraction |! due |! to |! action |! on |! the |! pump) increased |! intracellular |! Na |! slows |! the |! extrustion |! of |! Ca |! via |! the |! NaCa |! pump increased |! intracellular |! Ca |! increases |! actin/myosin |! interaction |! and |! force |! of |! contraction digoxin |! inhibits |! the |! Na |! Ca |! exchange |! pump intracellular |! sodium |! is |! going |! to |! effect |! the |! calcium |! out if |! sodium |! is |! higher |! because |! of |! the |! inactivation |! of |! the |! pump |! we |! have |! more |! calcium |! hanging |! around |! so |! force |! of |! contraction |! goes |! up. inflammation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔response |! to |! injury |! or |! infection involves |! redness, |! swelling, |! heat, |! loss |! of |! function histamine |! release |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔released |! by |! basophils |! (circulating |! in |! the |! plasma) |! and |! mast |! cells |! (extravasate |! from |! the |! plasma |! and |! get |! in |! tissue) |! in |! response |! to |! direct |! trauma |! or |! exposure |! to |! allergen both |! WBCs |! contain |! histamine |! waiting |! to |! be |! released |! in |! response |! to |! direct |! trauma |! or |! allergen what |! produces |! IgE |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔b |! lymphocytes |! in |! response |! to |! exposure |! to |! allergen each |! antibody |! has |! a |! part |! of |! the |! antibody |! that |! is |! specific |! and |! will |! only |! bind |! to |! its |! allergen another |! part |! has |! the |! FC |! that |! binds |! to |! the |! FC |! receptor |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! cells |! such |! as |! mast |! or |! basophils

effects |! of |! histamine |! on |! the |! heart |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔minor |! increase |! in |! contractility |! and |! HR effects |! of |! histamine |! on |! the |! stomach |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔increased |! gastric |! acid |! secrtion peptic |! ulcer |! disease, |! heart |! burn effects |! of |! histamine |! on |! the |! CNS |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔neurotransmitter circadian |! rhythms, |! wakefulness what |! does |! activation |! of |! the |! histamine |! 1 |! receptor |! increase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔intracellular |! Ca histamine |! binds |! to |! the |! histaminne |! 1 |! receptor histamine |! binds |! to |! g |! coupled activating |! g |! alpha |! cub |! unit phospholipase |! c |! beta IP binds |! to |! ER release |! of |! calcium what |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! H1 |! and |! H2 |! histamine |! receptors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔H1 |! - |! smooth |! muscle, |! contraction |! of |! the |! cells |! in |! the |! vascular |! endothelium, |! weightfulness |! in |! the |! brain

all |! things |! we |! would |! expect |! of |! calcium H2 |! - |! g |! couple |! dlinked |! to |! adenylyl |! cyclase |! increases |! cAMP |! instead how |! does |! H1 |! increase |! smooth |! muscle |! contraction? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔by |! increasing |! Ca increases |! when |! Ca |! enters |! the |! cell |! and |! is |! released |! from |! the |! sarcoplasmic |! reticulum |! simultaneously How |! does |! H2 |! receptor |! activation |! induce |! HCL |! release |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔H |! largely |! found |! in |! the |! stomach ATP |! to |! cAMP |! which |! is |! a |! second |! messenger takes |! hydrogen |! potassium |! ATPase |! and |! moves |! it |! from |! the |! cytoplasm |! to |! the |! cell |! membrane every |! time |! the |! pump |! cycles |! it |! pumps |! out |! 1 |! hydrogen |! ion |! and |! pumps |! in |! one |! potassium |! ion hydrogen |! out |! into |! the |! stomach |! binds |! with |! chloride |! and |! forms |! HCl How |! does |! histamine |! act |! in |! the |! CNS |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔H3 |! receptors H3 |! on |! the |! presynaptic |! neuron binding |! of |! histamine |! to |! H3 |! receptors |! inhibits |! the |! further |! release |! of |! histamine |! from |! that |! neuron there |! are |! H3 |! receptors |! expressed |! on |! other |! neurons |! other |! than |! those |! that |! release |! histamine |! so |! histamine |! can |! regulate |! the |! release |! of |! other |! neurons

what |! are |! the |! main |! differences |! between |! first |! and |! second |! generation |! antihistamines |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔benadryl |! (1st) |! crosses |! BBB |! - |! antimuscarinic |! effects claritin |! (2nd) |! does |! not |! cross |! the |! BBB |! due |! to |! water |! solubility |! and |! does |! not |! have |! antimuscarinic |! effects |! - |! selective Eicosanoids |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔lipids |! derived |! from |! arachidonic |! acid prostaglandins, |! thromboxanes, |! and |! leukotrienes similar |! to |! hormones where |! is |! arachidonic |! acid |! located? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fatty |! acid |! tails |! of |! the |! cell |! membrane what |! does |! phospholipase |! a2 |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cleaves |! arachidonic |! acid |! off |! the |! phospholipid |! -does |! this |! in |! response |! to |! a |! stimulus activated |! by |! cytokines, |! pH, |! O2, |! temperature, |! etc. when |! is |! the |! rate |! of |! release |! of |! arachidonic |! acid |! increased? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! an |! inflammatory |! state what |! are |! the |! three |! different |! pathways |! that |! arachidonic |! can |! act |! within |! after |! being |! cleaved |! from |! the |! phospholipid |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔COX LOX CYP

What |! does |! the |! COX |! pathway |! produce? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔prostaglandins prostacyclins thromboxanes what |! are |! prostaglandins |! involved |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inflammation |! and |! pain in |! the |! stomach |! increase |! mucous |! secretion |! which |! provides |! protection |! against |! the |! low |! pH |! environment maintain |! blood |! flow |! in |! kidneys maintain |! vascular |! homeostasis what |! are |! prostacyclins |! involved |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔proliferation what |! are |! thromboxanes |! involved |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔platelet |! aggregation Cox |! 1 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔enzyme |! that |! is |! expressed |! in |! virtually |! all |! tissues when |! arachidonic |! acid |! is |! cleaved |! off |! and |! acted |! on |! by |! cox |! 1 |! we |! get |! prostaglandins cox-1 |! are |! also |! in |! platelets |! so |! that |! they |! can |! produce |! thromboxane |! when |! their |! arachidonic |! acid |! is |! acted |! on Cox |! 2 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔not |! present |! already |! - |! it |! is |! induced |! in |! response |! to |! a |! stimulus an |! inflammatory |! signal |! like |! cytokines |! is |! what |! causes |! certain |! cells |! to |! synthesize |! cox-2 |! - |! (WBC |! in |! response |! to |! cytokines)