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NSG |! 531 |! – |! Rush |! university |! - |! Advanced |!
Pharmacology |! Exam |! 4 |! with |! verified |!
detailed |! answers
Ginseng |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔taken |! for: Nervousness, |! Agitation, |! Insomnia, |! Diarrhea, |! Headaches, |! Heart |! Palpitation Do |! not |! take |! with |! MAO |! inhibitors. |! Can |! alter |! affects |! with |! heart |! medications. |! Can |! increase |! the |! risk |! of |! bleeding |! when |! taken |! with |! blood |! clotting |! drugs CI: |! Neuro, |! Heart, |! MAO, |! bleeding, |! coag |! drugs Ma |! Huang |! (Ephedra) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dangerously |! elevate |! blood |! pressure, |! stimulate |! heart |! rate, |! and |! CNS Associated |! with |! stroke, |! MI, |! and |! death Banned |! > |! 10 |! mg |! in |! U.S. |! with |! exception |! of |! traditional |! Asian |! medicine Metabolife Used |! for |! weight |! loss, |! allergies, |! asthma, |! bronchitis, |! fever, |! headache arginine |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Arginine |! is |! used |! for |! treatment |! of |! heart |! and |! blood |! vessel |! conditions |! including |! congestive |! heart |! failure |! (CHF), |! chest |! pain, |! high |! blood |! pressure, |! and |! coronary |! artery |! disease.
Don't |! use |! if: excess |! body |! acid high |! levels |! of |! potassium |! in |! the |! blood sickle |! cell |! anemia heart |! attack |! within |! the |! last |! 30 |! days renal |! tubular |! acidosis decreased |! kidney |! function Don't |! use |! with |! nitro pt. |! education |! for |! herbs |! and |! nutrients |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! herbs |! and |! nutrients |! have |! bioactive |! properties |! and |! have |! the |! same |! safety |! issues |! as |! drugs
- |! always |! consult |! a |! reliable |! source |! before |! adding
- |! consider |! when |! researching |! what |! are |! the |! credentials |! of |! the |! author |! of |! the |! website, |! what |! evidence |! is |! there |! to |! support |! their |! claims, |! are |! there |! any |! financial |! interests |! to |! influence |! the |! claims |! of |! the |! auther biological |! basis |! of |! drug/herb/nutrient |! interactions |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔absorption |! (changing |! pH |! or |! motility |! of |! the |! GI |! tract) Distribution |! (displacing |! agents |! that |! are |! bound |! to |! plasma |! proteins Biotransformation |! (inducing |! or |! inhibiting |! CYP450 |! enzymes) receptor |! binding |! (competitive |! and |! noncompetitive |! antagonism
catalizes |! the |! reaction |! of |! converting |! dUMP |! to |! dTMP if |! you |! interrupt |! this |! you |! interrupt |! synthesis |! of |! DNA chemotherapeutics: |! alkylating |! agents |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Bind |! to |! DNA binds |! to |! DNA |! at |! the |! alkyl |! group |! between |! two |! guanines |! that |! would |! have |! gotten |! cross |! linked if |! they |! can't |! cross |! link |! you |! are |! disrupting |! DNA |! and |! inserting |! something |! that |! shouldn't |! be |! there non-cell |! cycle |! specific |! - |! it |! damages |! DNA must |! be |! oxidized |! by |! p450 |! to |! be |! activated chemotherapeutics: |! platinum |! analogs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔form |! intrastrand |! links |! between |! guanines similar |! to |! alkylating |! agents inhibit |! replication |! when |! you |! insert |! things |! into |! DNA |! that |! don't |! belong |! there chemotherapeutics: |! Microtubule |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inhibit |! microtubule |! polymerization
work |! during |! M |! phase mitosis microtubules |! that |! form |! that |! help |! tear |! apart |! the |! daughter |! cell |! from |! the |! parent |! cell they |! assisst |! in |! the |! migration |! of |! DNA |! from |! one |! cell |! to |! the |! next in |! order |! for |! them |! to |! form |! polymerization |! of |! the |! alpha |! and |! beta |! subunits |! need |! to |! take |! place when |! the |! drug |! binds |! to |! the |! subunits |! they |! can't |! polymerize chemotherapeutics: |! antibiotics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔doxorubicin |! - |! free |! radical |! generation goes |! into |! cardiac |! cells, |! binds |! to |! DNA, |! and |! inhibits |! topoisomerase one |! side |! effect |! is |! cardiomyopathy |! r/t |! doxorubicin |! toxicity larger |! concentration |! of |! mitochondria |! in |! our |! cardiac |! myocytes |! because |! they |! are |! constantly |! at |! work doxirubicin |! is |! biotransformed |! in |! the |! mitochondria |! - |! the |! byproduct |! is |! reactive |! oxygen |! species
Topoisomerase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔corrects |! "overwinding" |! by |! snipping |! a |! strand, |! repairing, |! and |! converting |! 4 |! coils |! into |! either |! 3 |! or |! 2, |! relieving |! some |! of |! the |! tension |! from |! supercoiling |! for |! helicase |! to |! continue |! unwinding |! DNA |! for |! replication Topoisomerase |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fluoroquinolones |! - |! inhibit |! DNA |! replication |! by |! not |! allowing |! topoisomerase |! to |! ease |! the |! tension |! in |! the |! supercoiling this |! leads |! to |! damaged |! DNA |! and |! induces |! apoptosis examples: |! ciprofloxacin, |! ofloxacin, |! levofloxacin bacterial |! resistance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ability |! of |! bacteria |! to |! resist |! the |! action |! of |! antibiotics bacteria |! replicate |! very |! fast, |! mutations |! are |! seen |! in |! a |! much |! shorter |! period |! of |! time you |! can |! get |! mutations |! that |! will |! increase |! the |! number |! of |! efflux |! pumps |! that |! will |! pump |! the |! drug |! out bacterial |! membrane |! proteins |! need |! to |! be |! porous |! for |! the |! drug |! to |! get |! through |!
- |! nonporous |! are |! the |! ones |! that |! will |! survive |! antibiotics |! and |! replicate when |! you |! add |! a |! selective |! pressure |! such |! as |! an |! antibiotic |! any |! bacteria |! that |! has |! a |! genetic |! mutation |! is |! the |! kind |! that |! will |! grow |! out RNA |! transcription |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bacteria |! duplicates |! the |! DNA |! then |! makes |! an |! mRNA |! copy |! of |! the |! DNA |! in |! order |! to |! get |! the |! blueprint |! for |! the |! new |! proteins |! that |! need |! to |! be |! synthesized |! to |! make |! the |! new |! bacteria
DNA |! replication |! is |! the |! new |! dna |! that |! goes |! into |! the |! daughter |! cells RNA |! transcription |! is |! the |! blueprint |! to |! make |! the |! daughter |! cells polymerase |! is |! the |! bacterial |! enzyme |! that |! mediates transcription |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔form |! a |! stable |! coplex |! with |! RNA |! polymerase |! and |! inhibit |! RNA |! synthesis if |! they |! are |! stuck |! to |! the |! RNA |! polymerase |! the |! polymerase |! cannot |! read |! the |! DNA |! and |! make |! the |! RNA |! copy example |! - |! rifampin translation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔once |! the |! RNA |! is |! made |! it |! has |! to |! go |! to |! ribosomes |! who |! translate |! it |! and |! make |! proteins at |! the |! ribosome |! the |! mRNA |! is |! read |! and |! amino |! acids |! are |! synthesized |! into |! a |! polypeptide |! chain |! and |! all |! structures |! of |! the |! bacteria |! will |! eventually |! be |! synthesized |! from |! that |! chain codons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sequences |! of |! 3 |! nucleotides |! that |! read |! and |! the |! ribosome |! finds |! the |! appropriate |! tRNA |! that |! has |! a |! complimentary |! set |! of |! nucleotides |! to |! add |! to |! the |! peptide |! chain 30s |! unit |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔samller |! unit |! that |! reads |! the |! codons |! and |! makes |! sure |! that |! the |! bacteria |! gets |! the |! correct |! tRNA |! bound |! to |! it 50s |! unit |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔catalyzes |! the |! formation |! of |! the |! peptide |! bonds |! between |! the |! amino |! acids
how |! are |! aminoglycosides |! toxic |! in |! the |! kidneys? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔they |! are |! water |! soluble they |! get |! filtered |! to |! the |! kidneys |! and |! hit |! the |! proximal |! tubules they |! can |! then |! get |! taken |! up |! and |! sit |! in |! the |! vesicles |! in |! the |! proximal |! tubule |! cells as |! you |! filter |! more, |! the |! vesicles |! full |! up |! and |! you |! get |! spillage |! into |! the |! cytoplasm |! of |! the |! proximal |! tubule |! cells when |! they |! get |! released |! they |! can |! act |! on |! the |! cell |! membrane |! and |! disrupt |! the |! phospholipid |! bilayer |! and |! cause |! kidney |! damage aminoglycosides |! and |! the |! neuromuscular |! blockade |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔can |! bind |! to |! calcium |! channels |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! presynaptic |! neurons |! and |! block |! them can |! act |! as |! calcium |! channel |! blockers |! in |! motor |! neurons |! which |! leads |! to |! a |! blockade |! because |! there |! is |! no |! release |! of |! Ach |! from |! influx |! of |! calcium in |! most |! extreme |! forms |! can |! have |! paralysis resistance |! to |! aminoglycosides |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bacteria |! doesn't |! only |! have |! DNA |! in |! their |! nucleoids |! but |! also |! sitting |! in |! their |! cytoplasm. |! This |! DNA |! doesn't |! encode |! for |! structures |! and |! things |! that |! are |! necessary |! for |! survival |! but |! for |! things |! that |! are |! still |! important |! like |! enzymes these |! plasmid-encoded |! enzymes |! inactivate |! aminoglycosides |! through |! adenylation, |! acetylation, |! or |! phosphorylation the |! plasmids |! can |! then |! be |! spread |! from |! bacteria |! to |! bacteria bacterial |! cells |! interact |! through |! conjugation |! and |! the |! plasmids |! get |! spread |! very |! quickly
so |! very |! quickly |! the |! bacterial |! population |! can |! convert |! from |! being |! antibiotic |! sensitive |! to |! resistant. tetracyclines |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bind |! to |! 30s |! and |! block |! tRNA |! binding |! to |! mRNA |! which |! interrupts |! peptide |! elongation macrolides |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bind |! to |! 50s |! and |! prevent |! the |! formation |! of |! peptide |! bonds |! between |! amino |! acids |! and |! prevent |! exit |! of |! nascent |! proteins |! from |! ribosomes |! into |! the |! cytoplasm |! where |! they |! would |! undergo |! cleavage, |! packaging |! to |! make |! them |! ready |! to |! be |! put |! together |! to |! make |! new |! cells drugs |! that |! work |! at |! the |! ribosome |! level |! are |! not |! very |! selective |! - |! greater |! concern |! for |! adverse |! effects Describe |! the |! difference |! between |! gram |! positive |! and |! gram |! negative |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔positive |! - |! you |! have |! a |! lipid |! bilaryer |! that |! is |! normal, |! then |! on |! top |! of |! it |! you |! have |! a |! cell |! wall |! that |! is |! made |! up |! of |! peptidoglycens |! - |! sugar |! peptides on |! top |! of |! that |! layer |! there |! is |! nothing |! - |! more |! water |! soluble |! purple |! dye |! gets |! through negative |! is |! the |! same |! but |! the |! peptidoglycen |! layer |! is |! theinner |! and |! then |! on |! top |! there |! is |! another |! plasma |! membrane |! - |! this |! one |! has |! a |! lot |! of |! lipopolysaccarides |! embedded |! so |! the |! dye |! cannot |! penetrate |! it |! - |! not |! very |! water |! soluble drugs |! that |! have |! to |! get |! through |! gram |! negative |! have |! to |! go |! through |! the |! extra |! layer
leads |! to |! layers |! in |! the |! cell |! wall if |! penicillin |! binds |! to |! it, |! it |! is |! not |! able |! to |! bind |! to |! the |! polymers |! to |! aid |! in |! cross |! linking what |! has |! broader |! spectrum |! to |! gram |! positive |! and |! negative |! cells? |! Water |! or |! Fat |! soluble? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fat |! soluble Antibiotic |! resistance |! in |! inhibitors |! of |! polymer |! cross-linking |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔could |! be |! related |! to |! reduced |! affinity |! for |! bacterial |! transpeptidase |! or |! plasmids |! that |! encode |! for |! beta |! lactamase |! - |! there |! is |! a |! genetic |! mutation |! that |! alters |! the |! shape |! of |! the |! transpeptidase |! so |! that |! the |! drug |! doesn't |! bind |! to |! it |! as |! well mutations |! can |! alter |! ability |! of |! drug |! to |! bind |! to |! bacterial |! transpeptidase |! and |! reduce |! its |! effectiveness plasmids |! can |! encode |! for |! beta |! lactamase |! which |! cleaves |! the |! beta |! lactam penicillin |! resistance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔beta |! lactamases |! cleave |! penicillin |! so |! that |! cross-linking |! still |! takes |! place |! because |! penicillin |! will |! not |! bind |! to |! the |! receptor Beta-lactamase |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔augmentin, |! unasyn, |! zosyn these |! are |! combo |! drugs |! that |! try |! to |! overcome |! the |! genes |! in |! the |! bacteria |! that |! code |! for |! the |! beta |! lactamase |! that |! will |! keep |! the |! drug |! from |! binding |! to |! the |! receptor |! to |! inhibit |! cross |! linking
fungal |! ergosterol |! synthesis |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔azoles bind |! to |! and |! inhibit |! a |! fungal |! p450 |! enzyme |! involved |! in |! ergosterol |! synthesis can |! also |! bind |! to |! human |! enzymes resistance |! d/t |! p450 |! mutations |! or |! upregulation |! of |! drug |! efflux |! pumps there |! is |! a |! good |! chance |! that |! you |! are |! going |! to |! inhibit |! cholesterol |! synthesis |! which |! is |! a |! precursor |! for |! streroids |! so |! in |! men |! you |! might |! see |! gynocomastia |! or |! impotence fungal |! membrane |! stability |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔polyenes |! - |! bind |! to |! ergosterol |! and |! create |! cell |! membrane |! pores |! that |! will |! likely |! kill |! the |! fungal |! cell liposomal |! delivery |! of |! amphotericin |! reduces |! AEs MOA |! of |! amphotericin |! B |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Binds |! ergosterol |! (unique |! to |! fungi); |! forms |! membrane |! pores |! that |! allow |! leakage |! of |! electrolytes. |! leading |! to |! cell |! death |! because |! disruption |! in |! solutes How |! does |! liposomal |! amphotericin |! reduce |! toxicity? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔works |! locally |! - |! delivered |! in |! liposome |! that |! is |! broken |! down |! by |! macrophages macrophages |! are |! at |! site |! of |! infection so |! when |! the |! liposome |! gets |! to |! the |! site |! of |! the |! infection |! it |! is |! broken |! down Inhibitors |! of |! fungal |! cell |! wall |! synthesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔echinocandins fungal |! cell |! walls |! composed |! of |! proteins, |! chitins, |! and |! beta-glucans
virus |! has |! already |! uncoded |! and |! gone |! into |! the |! human |! host |! cell |! and |! is |! ready |! to |! bud |! off. works |! at |! the |! site |! of |! neuraminidase |! that |! cleaves |! off |! the |! virus |! to |! bud |! and |! replicate acyclovir |! MOA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔has |! to |! be |! phosphorylated |! to |! work |! against |! viruses the |! HSV |! has |! a |! specific |! kinase |! that |! will |! convert |! it |! into |! acyclovir |! phosphate |! then |! triphosphate |! that |! is |! the |! active |! drug so |! it |! is |! not |! active |! unless |! in |! the |! presence |! of |! herpes Amantidine |! MOA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔binds |! M2 |! surface |! protein |! on |! influenza |! A, |! blocking |! uncoating |! of |! viral |! RNA either |! inhibits |! M2 |! protein |! or |! sits |! in |! the |! channel doesn't |! allow |! hydrogen |! ion |! in |! to |! cause |! the |! release |! of |! genetic |! material
