









Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
NSG 531 – Rush university - Advanced Pharmacology Exam 4 with verified detailed answers
Typology: Exams
1 / 16
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Ginseng |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔taken |! for: Nervousness, |! Agitation, |! Insomnia, |! Diarrhea, |! Headaches, |! Heart |! Palpitation Do |! not |! take |! with |! MAO |! inhibitors. |! Can |! alter |! affects |! with |! heart |! medications. |! Can |! increase |! the |! risk |! of |! bleeding |! when |! taken |! with |! blood |! clotting |! drugs CI: |! Neuro, |! Heart, |! MAO, |! bleeding, |! coag |! drugs Ma |! Huang |! (Ephedra) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Dangerously |! elevate |! blood |! pressure, |! stimulate |! heart |! rate, |! and |! CNS Associated |! with |! stroke, |! MI, |! and |! death Banned |! > |! 10 |! mg |! in |! U.S. |! with |! exception |! of |! traditional |! Asian |! medicine Metabolife Used |! for |! weight |! loss, |! allergies, |! asthma, |! bronchitis, |! fever, |! headache arginine |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Arginine |! is |! used |! for |! treatment |! of |! heart |! and |! blood |! vessel |! conditions |! including |! congestive |! heart |! failure |! (CHF), |! chest |! pain, |! high |! blood |! pressure, |! and |! coronary |! artery |! disease.
Don't |! use |! if: excess |! body |! acid high |! levels |! of |! potassium |! in |! the |! blood sickle |! cell |! anemia heart |! attack |! within |! the |! last |! 30 |! days renal |! tubular |! acidosis decreased |! kidney |! function Don't |! use |! with |! nitro pt. |! education |! for |! herbs |! and |! nutrients |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! herbs |! and |! nutrients |! have |! bioactive |! properties |! and |! have |! the |! same |! safety |! issues |! as |! drugs
catalizes |! the |! reaction |! of |! converting |! dUMP |! to |! dTMP if |! you |! interrupt |! this |! you |! interrupt |! synthesis |! of |! DNA chemotherapeutics: |! alkylating |! agents |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Bind |! to |! DNA binds |! to |! DNA |! at |! the |! alkyl |! group |! between |! two |! guanines |! that |! would |! have |! gotten |! cross |! linked if |! they |! can't |! cross |! link |! you |! are |! disrupting |! DNA |! and |! inserting |! something |! that |! shouldn't |! be |! there non-cell |! cycle |! specific |! - |! it |! damages |! DNA must |! be |! oxidized |! by |! p450 |! to |! be |! activated chemotherapeutics: |! platinum |! analogs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔form |! intrastrand |! links |! between |! guanines similar |! to |! alkylating |! agents inhibit |! replication |! when |! you |! insert |! things |! into |! DNA |! that |! don't |! belong |! there chemotherapeutics: |! Microtubule |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inhibit |! microtubule |! polymerization
work |! during |! M |! phase mitosis microtubules |! that |! form |! that |! help |! tear |! apart |! the |! daughter |! cell |! from |! the |! parent |! cell they |! assisst |! in |! the |! migration |! of |! DNA |! from |! one |! cell |! to |! the |! next in |! order |! for |! them |! to |! form |! polymerization |! of |! the |! alpha |! and |! beta |! subunits |! need |! to |! take |! place when |! the |! drug |! binds |! to |! the |! subunits |! they |! can't |! polymerize chemotherapeutics: |! antibiotics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔doxorubicin |! - |! free |! radical |! generation goes |! into |! cardiac |! cells, |! binds |! to |! DNA, |! and |! inhibits |! topoisomerase one |! side |! effect |! is |! cardiomyopathy |! r/t |! doxorubicin |! toxicity larger |! concentration |! of |! mitochondria |! in |! our |! cardiac |! myocytes |! because |! they |! are |! constantly |! at |! work doxirubicin |! is |! biotransformed |! in |! the |! mitochondria |! - |! the |! byproduct |! is |! reactive |! oxygen |! species
Topoisomerase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔corrects |! "overwinding" |! by |! snipping |! a |! strand, |! repairing, |! and |! converting |! 4 |! coils |! into |! either |! 3 |! or |! 2, |! relieving |! some |! of |! the |! tension |! from |! supercoiling |! for |! helicase |! to |! continue |! unwinding |! DNA |! for |! replication Topoisomerase |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fluoroquinolones |! - |! inhibit |! DNA |! replication |! by |! not |! allowing |! topoisomerase |! to |! ease |! the |! tension |! in |! the |! supercoiling this |! leads |! to |! damaged |! DNA |! and |! induces |! apoptosis examples: |! ciprofloxacin, |! ofloxacin, |! levofloxacin bacterial |! resistance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ability |! of |! bacteria |! to |! resist |! the |! action |! of |! antibiotics bacteria |! replicate |! very |! fast, |! mutations |! are |! seen |! in |! a |! much |! shorter |! period |! of |! time you |! can |! get |! mutations |! that |! will |! increase |! the |! number |! of |! efflux |! pumps |! that |! will |! pump |! the |! drug |! out bacterial |! membrane |! proteins |! need |! to |! be |! porous |! for |! the |! drug |! to |! get |! through |!
DNA |! replication |! is |! the |! new |! dna |! that |! goes |! into |! the |! daughter |! cells RNA |! transcription |! is |! the |! blueprint |! to |! make |! the |! daughter |! cells polymerase |! is |! the |! bacterial |! enzyme |! that |! mediates transcription |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔form |! a |! stable |! coplex |! with |! RNA |! polymerase |! and |! inhibit |! RNA |! synthesis if |! they |! are |! stuck |! to |! the |! RNA |! polymerase |! the |! polymerase |! cannot |! read |! the |! DNA |! and |! make |! the |! RNA |! copy example |! - |! rifampin translation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔once |! the |! RNA |! is |! made |! it |! has |! to |! go |! to |! ribosomes |! who |! translate |! it |! and |! make |! proteins at |! the |! ribosome |! the |! mRNA |! is |! read |! and |! amino |! acids |! are |! synthesized |! into |! a |! polypeptide |! chain |! and |! all |! structures |! of |! the |! bacteria |! will |! eventually |! be |! synthesized |! from |! that |! chain codons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔sequences |! of |! 3 |! nucleotides |! that |! read |! and |! the |! ribosome |! finds |! the |! appropriate |! tRNA |! that |! has |! a |! complimentary |! set |! of |! nucleotides |! to |! add |! to |! the |! peptide |! chain 30s |! unit |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔samller |! unit |! that |! reads |! the |! codons |! and |! makes |! sure |! that |! the |! bacteria |! gets |! the |! correct |! tRNA |! bound |! to |! it 50s |! unit |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔catalyzes |! the |! formation |! of |! the |! peptide |! bonds |! between |! the |! amino |! acids
how |! are |! aminoglycosides |! toxic |! in |! the |! kidneys? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔they |! are |! water |! soluble they |! get |! filtered |! to |! the |! kidneys |! and |! hit |! the |! proximal |! tubules they |! can |! then |! get |! taken |! up |! and |! sit |! in |! the |! vesicles |! in |! the |! proximal |! tubule |! cells as |! you |! filter |! more, |! the |! vesicles |! full |! up |! and |! you |! get |! spillage |! into |! the |! cytoplasm |! of |! the |! proximal |! tubule |! cells when |! they |! get |! released |! they |! can |! act |! on |! the |! cell |! membrane |! and |! disrupt |! the |! phospholipid |! bilayer |! and |! cause |! kidney |! damage aminoglycosides |! and |! the |! neuromuscular |! blockade |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔can |! bind |! to |! calcium |! channels |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! presynaptic |! neurons |! and |! block |! them can |! act |! as |! calcium |! channel |! blockers |! in |! motor |! neurons |! which |! leads |! to |! a |! blockade |! because |! there |! is |! no |! release |! of |! Ach |! from |! influx |! of |! calcium in |! most |! extreme |! forms |! can |! have |! paralysis resistance |! to |! aminoglycosides |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bacteria |! doesn't |! only |! have |! DNA |! in |! their |! nucleoids |! but |! also |! sitting |! in |! their |! cytoplasm. |! This |! DNA |! doesn't |! encode |! for |! structures |! and |! things |! that |! are |! necessary |! for |! survival |! but |! for |! things |! that |! are |! still |! important |! like |! enzymes these |! plasmid-encoded |! enzymes |! inactivate |! aminoglycosides |! through |! adenylation, |! acetylation, |! or |! phosphorylation the |! plasmids |! can |! then |! be |! spread |! from |! bacteria |! to |! bacteria bacterial |! cells |! interact |! through |! conjugation |! and |! the |! plasmids |! get |! spread |! very |! quickly
so |! very |! quickly |! the |! bacterial |! population |! can |! convert |! from |! being |! antibiotic |! sensitive |! to |! resistant. tetracyclines |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bind |! to |! 30s |! and |! block |! tRNA |! binding |! to |! mRNA |! which |! interrupts |! peptide |! elongation macrolides |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bind |! to |! 50s |! and |! prevent |! the |! formation |! of |! peptide |! bonds |! between |! amino |! acids |! and |! prevent |! exit |! of |! nascent |! proteins |! from |! ribosomes |! into |! the |! cytoplasm |! where |! they |! would |! undergo |! cleavage, |! packaging |! to |! make |! them |! ready |! to |! be |! put |! together |! to |! make |! new |! cells drugs |! that |! work |! at |! the |! ribosome |! level |! are |! not |! very |! selective |! - |! greater |! concern |! for |! adverse |! effects Describe |! the |! difference |! between |! gram |! positive |! and |! gram |! negative |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔positive |! - |! you |! have |! a |! lipid |! bilaryer |! that |! is |! normal, |! then |! on |! top |! of |! it |! you |! have |! a |! cell |! wall |! that |! is |! made |! up |! of |! peptidoglycens |! - |! sugar |! peptides on |! top |! of |! that |! layer |! there |! is |! nothing |! - |! more |! water |! soluble |! purple |! dye |! gets |! through negative |! is |! the |! same |! but |! the |! peptidoglycen |! layer |! is |! theinner |! and |! then |! on |! top |! there |! is |! another |! plasma |! membrane |! - |! this |! one |! has |! a |! lot |! of |! lipopolysaccarides |! embedded |! so |! the |! dye |! cannot |! penetrate |! it |! - |! not |! very |! water |! soluble drugs |! that |! have |! to |! get |! through |! gram |! negative |! have |! to |! go |! through |! the |! extra |! layer
leads |! to |! layers |! in |! the |! cell |! wall if |! penicillin |! binds |! to |! it, |! it |! is |! not |! able |! to |! bind |! to |! the |! polymers |! to |! aid |! in |! cross |! linking what |! has |! broader |! spectrum |! to |! gram |! positive |! and |! negative |! cells? |! Water |! or |! Fat |! soluble? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fat |! soluble Antibiotic |! resistance |! in |! inhibitors |! of |! polymer |! cross-linking |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔could |! be |! related |! to |! reduced |! affinity |! for |! bacterial |! transpeptidase |! or |! plasmids |! that |! encode |! for |! beta |! lactamase |! - |! there |! is |! a |! genetic |! mutation |! that |! alters |! the |! shape |! of |! the |! transpeptidase |! so |! that |! the |! drug |! doesn't |! bind |! to |! it |! as |! well mutations |! can |! alter |! ability |! of |! drug |! to |! bind |! to |! bacterial |! transpeptidase |! and |! reduce |! its |! effectiveness plasmids |! can |! encode |! for |! beta |! lactamase |! which |! cleaves |! the |! beta |! lactam penicillin |! resistance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔beta |! lactamases |! cleave |! penicillin |! so |! that |! cross-linking |! still |! takes |! place |! because |! penicillin |! will |! not |! bind |! to |! the |! receptor Beta-lactamase |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔augmentin, |! unasyn, |! zosyn these |! are |! combo |! drugs |! that |! try |! to |! overcome |! the |! genes |! in |! the |! bacteria |! that |! code |! for |! the |! beta |! lactamase |! that |! will |! keep |! the |! drug |! from |! binding |! to |! the |! receptor |! to |! inhibit |! cross |! linking
fungal |! ergosterol |! synthesis |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔azoles bind |! to |! and |! inhibit |! a |! fungal |! p450 |! enzyme |! involved |! in |! ergosterol |! synthesis can |! also |! bind |! to |! human |! enzymes resistance |! d/t |! p450 |! mutations |! or |! upregulation |! of |! drug |! efflux |! pumps there |! is |! a |! good |! chance |! that |! you |! are |! going |! to |! inhibit |! cholesterol |! synthesis |! which |! is |! a |! precursor |! for |! streroids |! so |! in |! men |! you |! might |! see |! gynocomastia |! or |! impotence fungal |! membrane |! stability |! inhibitors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔polyenes |! - |! bind |! to |! ergosterol |! and |! create |! cell |! membrane |! pores |! that |! will |! likely |! kill |! the |! fungal |! cell liposomal |! delivery |! of |! amphotericin |! reduces |! AEs MOA |! of |! amphotericin |! B |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Binds |! ergosterol |! (unique |! to |! fungi); |! forms |! membrane |! pores |! that |! allow |! leakage |! of |! electrolytes. |! leading |! to |! cell |! death |! because |! disruption |! in |! solutes How |! does |! liposomal |! amphotericin |! reduce |! toxicity? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔works |! locally |! - |! delivered |! in |! liposome |! that |! is |! broken |! down |! by |! macrophages macrophages |! are |! at |! site |! of |! infection so |! when |! the |! liposome |! gets |! to |! the |! site |! of |! the |! infection |! it |! is |! broken |! down Inhibitors |! of |! fungal |! cell |! wall |! synthesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔echinocandins fungal |! cell |! walls |! composed |! of |! proteins, |! chitins, |! and |! beta-glucans
virus |! has |! already |! uncoded |! and |! gone |! into |! the |! human |! host |! cell |! and |! is |! ready |! to |! bud |! off. works |! at |! the |! site |! of |! neuraminidase |! that |! cleaves |! off |! the |! virus |! to |! bud |! and |! replicate acyclovir |! MOA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔has |! to |! be |! phosphorylated |! to |! work |! against |! viruses the |! HSV |! has |! a |! specific |! kinase |! that |! will |! convert |! it |! into |! acyclovir |! phosphate |! then |! triphosphate |! that |! is |! the |! active |! drug so |! it |! is |! not |! active |! unless |! in |! the |! presence |! of |! herpes Amantidine |! MOA |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔binds |! M2 |! surface |! protein |! on |! influenza |! A, |! blocking |! uncoating |! of |! viral |! RNA either |! inhibits |! M2 |! protein |! or |! sits |! in |! the |! channel doesn't |! allow |! hydrogen |! ion |! in |! to |! cause |! the |! release |! of |! genetic |! material