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NSG 533 Advanced Pharmacology Exam 3 (2025/2026) Questions And Answers Graded A+ WILKES What are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? 1. beta blocker (to counter SNS) 2. ACEi (to counter RAAS) what hormones worsen HF - Angiontensin II (RAAS) - catecholamines (SNS) - endothelin - aldosterone hormones that are good for HF - natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP) - adrenmedullin - bradykinin - nitric oxide types of ventricular remodeling - concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF, too stiff, HFpEF) - eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
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What are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on?
what hormones worsen HF
hormones that are good for HF
types of ventricular remodeling
blood flow of the heart from right side to left side
s/s right sided HF
impairment in:
myocardial remodeling HFpEF vs HFrEF
HFpEF: dysfunction is d/t comorbidities and inflammatory markers coming in contact with the endothelium
HFrEF: dysfunction is d/t damage within the actual myocyte
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF)
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"?
according to the universal definition, what is "HF"
who is most at risk for HF
black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF
calculate EF
SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy
contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF?
20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease
what can elevated BNP also be confused with?
HF or renal failure
endogenous effects of BNP
explain dyslipidemia as a risk factor for CAD
novel risk factors associated with CAD
define atherosclerosis
accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the arterial wall, leading to formation of lesions/plaques
what is the leading cause of Peripheral Vascular Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, and Cerebrovascular Disease?
Atherosclerosis
explain the pathophysiology of endothelial cell injury (9 steps)
define lipoprotein
A fat carrier that enables fats and cholesterol to travel through the lymph and blood (lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides)
three types of lipoproteins
VDL
what are plaques that rupture called?
complicated plaques
what happens when a plaque ruptures?
platelet adhesion, clotting cascade, rapid thrombus formation --> occlusion of vessel --> ischemia or infarction of vessel
list the acute coronary syndromes
unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI
what is an acute coronary syndrome?
sudden coronary obstruction caused by thrombus formation over arteriosclerotic plaque
manifestations of unstable angina
ECG abnormalities of Unstable Angina
ST Depression
T wave inversion
manifestations of stable angina
define myocardial infarction
loss of coronary blood flow for an extended period of time that results in myocyte necrosis
two types of MI
STEMI, NSTEMI
s/s STEMI
complications of myocardial infarction
dysrhythmias, LV failure, RV infarction, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, LV aneurysm
isolated systolic hypertension
a condition most commonly seen in the older adult in which the systolic pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is within normal limits (less than 90 mm Hg)
primary/idiopathic hypertension
most common of HTN diagnoses, no specific cause known
secondary HTN
caused by underlying disease or medication that raises PVR or cardiac output
what are some medications that may raise PVR or cardiac output?
oral contraceptives, antihistamines, corticosteroids
risk factors for HTN
obesity, diabetes, increased age, black males, family hx
American College of Cardiology blood pressure categories:
Normal: <120 ; <
Elevated: 120-129 ; > 80
Stage 1: 130-139 ; 80-
Stage 2: >140 ; >
HTN Crisis: >180 ; >
primary factors associated with development of HTN
increased PVR and cardiac output leads to sustained HTN -->
atherosclerosis
Six theories of HTN
three categories of irreversible dementia
three most common forms of dementia
hallmark clinical manifestations of dementia
define delirium
acute change in attention, awareness, and cognition
four major mechanisms of delirium
what are some drugs that alter neurotransmitters in delirium?
anticholinergic, antihistamines, GABAergic sedatives
DSM-V criteria for delirium
function of glial cells
support and protect neurons
three types of glial cells
