NSG 6101 FINAL EXAMS
What does PICO stand for?
P = population/patient
I = intervention/exposure (new/questioning text)
C = comparison (known effective treatment)
O = outcome
4 steps to EBP
1. Ask (PICO)
2. Acquire (find evidence)
3. Appraise (hierarchy pyramid of evidence)
4. Apply
Hierarchy pyramid of evidence (weakest)
Laboratory studies -
In Vito "tube test" research
Comparative animal research
Expert opinion - ideas, editorials, opinion (textbook)
Hierarchy pyramid of evidence (observational studies ranked)
Weakest:
Single case reports
Case studies (more than one)
Strongest ranking: OAR
1. Cohort study - follow a group of animals and unknown if sick or not. (No bias)
2. Case-control study - take sick animal and control (not sick) then gather into
3. Cross-sectional study - intervention what happened (single day)
Hierarchy pyramid of evidence (strongest evidence)
Strongest:
Meta-analysis = find new data and summaries
Systematic review = find all studies that are relevant. Collaborate everything other.
Randomized control trail = experimental stud. Intervention is assigned by researcher
SMART goals
Specific
Measurable
Actionable-orientated
Realistic
Time-constrained
Veterinary practitioner’s code of conduct
Primary concern for welfare of animals
maintaining professional standards to stand expected by other vet practioner, users of
veterinary services, the public.
