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COLLEGE
are having a discussion about individual responsibility for wellness with a friend who is a behavioral science major. As the discussion proceeds, you find that he is having a hard time understanding the basic components of the theory you are presenting. Which of the following represents the most likely explanation for his misunderstanding?
The narrative you have developed for the theory is not fully developed and is confusing as a result.
*He is approaching the theory from a different context than the one in which it was created.
Your understanding of the theory is incomplete and you are unable to provide a coherent explanation of it.
He does not have the background in the basic sciences necessary for understanding the more technical components of the theory.
Question 2 0 / 1 point
In the context of the AACN synergy model, all of the following are regarded as quality outcomes related to nursing except:
Incorrect Response
complication rate
adherence to discharge plan
adherence to discharge plan
*nurse satisfaction
Question 3 0 / 1 point
Which of the following best describes the theoretical basis behind the postmodern understanding of knowledge?
Correct Answer
*Knowledge and the knower are inseparable, and class and gender have significant influence on what is considered knowledge.
Knowledge in any field is determined through the discovery of a universal truth, and that truth is applicable to all questions that arise.
Knowledge is developed through observation of the natural world, and can be best applied to hard science.
Knowledge is a series of classical “truths” that are colored by gender biases, and it gives rise to the theory of masculine superiority.
Question 4 1 / 1 point
COLLEGE
Which of the following statements would an adherent of the perceived view be most likely to make?
“Observation is completely unbiased.”
“Individual phenomena make up the whole that is the universe.”
*“Theories are neither right nor wrong.”
“Descriptive law is the gold standard of science.”
Question 5 0 / 1 point
Which of the following is not one of the three main goals of scientific theory?
Description of a phenomenon being studied
Explanation that “makes sense” of observed events
Separation of theory from practice
Prediction about future relationships
Question 6 1 / 1 point
During the 1960s and 1970s, the theory movement in nursing sought to “prove” that nursing was a science by applying strict logical positivist philosophy to the discipline. Why was this application problematic from a philosophical standpoint?
It placed too great an emphasis on the art of nursing and left itself open to criticism by the postmodern school of philosophy.
It took too long to develop and by the time it came to fruition the logical positivist perspective had fallen out of favor with most scientific disciplines.
*It ignored the humanistic and social aspects of providing quality care and focused on the hard science involved.
It was later disproved by feminist philosophers who unequivocally demonstrated that the logical positivist view was heavily biased against women and minorities.
Question 7 1 / 1 point
COLLEGE
particularly problematic in light of the advances made in nursing science in the last 30 years?
On-the-job apprenticeships are no longer as prevalent as they were up through the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The last 30 years have seen nursing education move away from physician-taught courses in hospitals to professor-taught courses at universities.
It places emphasis on nurses’ abilities to perform tasks rather than reason through and understand the purpose of their actions.
Most modern nurses pursue Master’s level education beyond their practice-based Bachelor’s education.
Question 10 0 / 1 point
Which of the following arguments best supports the idea of nursing as a professional discipline rather than an academic discipline?
“Nursing is a relative newcomer to advanced education. For many years, nurses were educated or trained only at a Bachelor’s level, and advanced practice therefore has its roots in the profession itself rather than in academia.”
Incorrect Response
“Nursing is a discipline with unique substance. It borrows very little from other disciplines and, as a result, is beyond the realm of most academic programs in the sciences that acknowledge idea sharing across disciplines.”
“Nursing is a concept with a lengthy unofficial history. Individuals have been providing nursing care to others since the Crusades, and this professional provision of services predates formal education in the field.”
Correct Answer
“Nursing is an applied science. Its practice component places an emphasis on the delivery of service by nurses rather than the development of academic knowledge.”
Question 11 1 / 1 point
Which of the following best describes the force field model by Kurt Lewin?
A way to measure productivity using scientific principles and calculations
COLLEGE
A balance between a hierarchical structure and a desire for empowerment on the part of the workers
A constant search for equilibrium within the organization
A series of steps of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing in which change is not a one-time event but a dynamic balance of these forces
Question 12 1 / 1 point
Community Hospital is seeking to transform the nature of its care environment. In order to help achieve this vision, the hospital creates a new mentoring program for its nurses. The hospital also explores various practices for increasing the amount of time nurses spend one- on-one with their patients, and it creates a new system for tracking patient satisfaction with the nurse-patient relationship. In the context of the RBC model, these efforts most directly involve which of the four elements for transforming the care delivery environment?
Inspiration
Infrastructure
Education
Evidence
Question 13 1 / 1 point
Which of the following is not one of the four steps upon which theory and practice is built by healthcare professionals?
Applying a pluralistic approach to theory understanding
Seeking plausible and meaningful answers
Building narrative structure for questions and answers
Questioning the status quo
Question 14 1 / 1 point
Which of the following statements about theory is false?
Theory is multifaceted, complex, and dynamic.
The overarching goal of theory is to explain phenomenon.
COLLEGE
They are the only sciences to which the scientific method can be applied.
They are the original sciences upon which all others are based.
They are considered standalone bodies of unique knowledge.
Question 18 1 / 1 point
According to the AACN model, synergy occurs when:
the needs of the nurse are less than the needs of the patient.
the needs of the patient exceed the competencies of the nurse.
the competencies of the nurse exceed the needs of the patient.
the needs of the patient and the competencies of the nurse are well matched.
Question 19 1 / 1 point
Repetitive patterns of behavior dictate by past experiences are an example of which source of knowledge?
Tradition
Doctrine
Authority
Common sense
Question 20 0 / 1 point
Which of the following analogies most accurately defines scientific theory?
Scientific theory components are specific to only one particular theory in much the same way that a key is specific to one particular lock.
Scientific theory definitively describes practice in much the same way that a dictionary definitively describes the meanings of different words.
COLLEGE
Incorrect Response
Scientific theory represents only the thought-based aspects of a discipline (rather than the action- based aspects) in much the same way that a flag represents the physical entity of a country (rather than its individual people).
Correct Answer
Scientific theory components are combined in different ways to produce different theories in much the same way that beads are strung together in different ways to produce different necklaces.
Question 21 1 / 1 point
According to Benner’s model, all of the following are characteristics of expert nurses except:
They prioritize tasks and act quickly and fluidly.
They rely on their strong analytical and problem-solving skills when situations do not progress as they originally anticipated.
They have a highly developed intuitive sense.
They use maxims to guide their professional decision making.
Question 22 0 / 1 point
Of the following choices, which is not among the seven domains of nursing practice identified by Benner?
Correct Answer
Effective management of static situations
Monitoring and ensuring the quality of healthcare practices
Administering and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimens
Incorrect Response
The teaching-coaching function
Question 23 1 / 1 point
During the 1960s, why did nursing scholars heavily emphasize a focus on the theoretical development of nursing as its own, independent discipline?
To support doctoral education for nurses that was discipline specific
To prove that the logical positivist approach was a poor fit for the discipline
COLLEGE
a) Social work b) Psychotherapy c) Examination of care disparities d) Pathology
3) Roberta firmly believes that individual experiences are the source of all knowledge in the world. As a scientist, she acknowledges her role as a participant in the experiments she performs and does consider herself merely a disconnected observer of phenomenon. Roberta's views are most closely reflective of which school of scientific thought? a) Natural science b) Human science (neither hard nor soft) c) Applied science (not this because she assumes objectivity) c) Soft science (not this because she assumes objectivity)
4) What is the ultimate goal of the scientific method? a) Application of scientific results to a related body of knowledge in order to meet some type of human need. b) Examination of the decisions made by scientist to understand the ways in which subjectivity was introduced to the experiment. c) Reproducible experimental results that do not take researcher individuality into account. d) Improving the situation or process used in the experiment to yield more accurate results in repeat experiments.
5) Which of the following best describes the aim of natural sciences? a) Affirmation of the importance of cultural understanding by uncovering the common subjective biases of different disciplines. b) Improvement of the quality of life by understanding what helps people maximize their functional abilities. c) Utilization of knowledge by applying it to a specific purpose in order to better a situation or change viewpoints. d) Development of knowledge for the sake of developing knowledge, discovering truth, and controlling outcomes.
6) Which of the following statements most accurately encapsulates Thomas Kuhn's proposed philosophy of science? a) Science philosophy should address both the conceptual and empirical problems of science and serve as merely a problem-solving activity. b) Science philosophy should focus on concept. clarification and concept analysis based on theory development and synthesis. c) Science philosophy should resolve conceptual problems in science without being limited to the development of theories. d) Science philosophy should examine the process of science, rather than the product of science, according to a disciplinary matrix known as a paradigm.
7) Which of the following philosophies is not part of the larger philosophical tradition known as postmodernism? a) Historicism b) Hermeneutics c) Critical social theory d) Feminism
COLLEGE
8) Which of the following best describes the theoretical basis behind the postmodern understanding of knowledge? a) Knowledge is a series of classical "truths" that are colored by gender biases, and it gives rise to the theory of masculine superiority. b) Knowledge and the knower are inseparable, and class and gender have significant influence on what is considered knowledge. c) Knowledge is developed through observation of the natural world, and can be best applied to hard science. d) B and C
9) A nurse who adopts a pluralistic view of nursing science would most likely do which of the following? a) Follow the espoused values and overall worldview of the nursing discipline even it conflicted with his or her personal beliefs. b) Utilize a problem-solving approach based on Laudan's philosophy while applying the latest disciplinary trends to his or her practice. c) Rely on research-proven nursing diagnoses and taxonomies and focus on universal, rather than individual, trends observed in his or her patients. d) Draw upon a variety of perspectives from the many errors of nursing development to guide his or her personal practice.
10) The consensus statement crafted at the Knowledge Consensus Conference in Boston in 1998 addressed all of the following areas except: a) The nature of the human person b) The role of nursing theory c) The nature of the nurse as an individual d) The links of each area of understanding to nursing practice
Which question would be least appropriate to ask if you were interested in examining health promotion from a scientific theory perspective as opposed to another type of perspective?
A) What influences health behavior among older adults?
B) Why is education level associated with certain outcomes?
C) What is the ultimate end of health promotion?
D) Do attitudes lead to behavior change among adolescents?
Which statement best describes the role that logical positivism plays in modern philosophical thought about nursing science and science in general?
Question options:
a) It remains at the forefront of the understanding of science and dictates the ways in which scientific research is performed.
b) It works in concert with humanistic philosophies of science, with the opposing ideologies functioning as a system of philosophical checks and balances.
c) It no longer holds sway over the sciences, but its influence is so deeply ingrained in the field that it continues to impact modern ideas about science.
COLLEGE
- Fred Fielder proposed that group performance was based on a balance between the leader’s style and his or her level of control. This model is referred to as : a. A change theory model. b. Taylorism. c. A general systems model. d. A contingency model.
- Which of the following statements most accurately encapsulates Henry Mintzberg’s research and findings? a. The best managers are those that are empathetic with their workers and provide emotional support and guidance. b. Conflict in organizations is inevitable and a manager’s most important function is to manage conflict. c. Managers function in three distinct roles: informational roles (nerve center, spokesperson, disseminator), interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader, liaison), and decisional roles (entrepreneur, negotiator). d. Managers that do not embrace change will harm their organizations, as organizations must change and evolve to survive.
- Which of the following statements most closely resembles the beliefs and work of Ludwig Von Bertalnffy? a. Workers are motivated by primal needs first and foremost as outlined by Abram Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. b. Managers must manage the processes of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. c. Successful managers must coordinate labor and balance internal power struggles simultaneously. d. Nonlinear relationships exist between variables and a small change in one may cause a big change in the others.
- One of the strengths in Philip Crosby’s theory on quality is that: a. It is solely based on statistics and therefore objective. b. He believes in aiming quality efforts at the lower operational levels. c. It gives attention to transforming the quality culture of an organization. d. He believes in aiming the quality efforts at the higher operational levels.
- According to Crosby, a company that wanted to improve their processes but failed likely had: a. Called their effort a process. b. Employed quality control staff who were cynical. c. Unending patience for results, and no sense of urgency. d. Aimed their efforts toward the higher operational staff.
- A hospital has: a. Internal customers. b. External customers. c. Both internal and external customers. d. No customers, just patients and physicians.
COLLEGE
