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NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Nursing

NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete SolutionsNU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions

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2024/2025

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NU 272 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions
Musculoskeletal System - correct answer- muscles, tendons of muscular system
- bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints of skeletal system
Skeletal and muscular systems work together to - correct answer- support body weight
- control movements
- provide stability
- some parts provide protection for heart, lung, brain
Alterations in Musculoskeletal Integrity - correct answer- Negative effect on ability to perform activities
of daily living, communicate, participate in recreational activities
- source of frustration and pain
Types of muscle tissue - correct answer- smooth
- cardiac
- skeletal
How many skeletal muscles in the body? - correct answermore than 640
- critical for physical mobility
- attach to bones via tendons
- muscle contraction causes movement of skeletal bones
How many bones in the body? - correct answer206
Axial skeleton - correct answerribs, sternum, vertebral column, skull
Appendicular skeleton - correct answer- pectoral gridles, pelvic gridle, upper and lower limbs
Functions of bones - correct answer- forming the body structure
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Musculoskeletal System - correct answer- muscles, tendons of muscular system

  • bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints of skeletal system Skeletal and muscular systems work together to - correct answer- support body weight
  • control movements
  • provide stability
  • some parts provide protection for heart, lung, brain Alterations in Musculoskeletal Integrity - correct answer- Negative effect on ability to perform activities of daily living, communicate, participate in recreational activities
  • source of frustration and pain Types of muscle tissue - correct answer- smooth
  • cardiac
  • skeletal How many skeletal muscles in the body? - correct answermore than 640
  • critical for physical mobility
  • attach to bones via tendons
    • muscle contraction causes movement of skeletal bones How many bones in the body? - correct answer Axial skeleton - correct answerribs, sternum, vertebral column, skull Appendicular skeleton - correct answer- pectoral gridles, pelvic gridle, upper and lower limbs Functions of bones - correct answer- forming the body structure
  • supporting soft tissues
  • protecting vital organs
  • providing a point of attachment for muscles
  • storing minerals
  • forming blood cells Joints - correct answer- formed when two or more bones meet
  • hold the skeleton together while providing mobility
  • structural and functional classifications generally interrelated for most joints Joints that fall outside the general classification - correct answerEpiphyseal plate in children (cartilaginous) Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage - correct answer- connective tissues composed of differing amounts of collagen fibers, other structural components
    • connect bones to other bones to form a joint
    • strengthen, stabilize joint
    • may limit mobility of some joints Tendons - correct answer- connect bones to muscles for movement
  • carry contractile forces from muscle to bone --> movement Cartilage - correct answer- flexible connective tissue
  • less flexible than muscle, not as rigid as bones
  • does not contain blood vessels (unlike ligaments, tendons) Alterations to mobility - correct answer- arthritis
  • fractures
  • neurologic disorders
  • numbness or tingling
  • problems moving arms or legs
  • tremor or weakness in arms or legs
  • bowel and bladder problems
  • eye, hearing, and speech problems
  • cognitive deficits
  • pharmacologic therapy to slow progression and decrease severity of attacks
  • PT
  • Speech therapy
  • assistive devices for mobility
  • healthy lifestyle (nutrition, activity, rest)
  • safety measures to prevent falls
  • counseling Osteoarthritis - correct answer- degeneration of cartilage and bone in a joint
  • joint pain/swelling
  • joint stiffness
  • loss of joint flexibility
  • bone spurs
  • crepitation (crackling sounds) during joint movement
  • joint tenderness
  • pharmacologic therapy to reduce pain and swelling
  • PT
  • reduction of stress on affected joints
  • intra-articular injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid
  • surgery to realign bones or replace joints
  • gentle exercises
  • weight loss
  • application of warm or cold compresses Parkinson Disease - correct answer- motor system disorder caused by lack of neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain and an imbalance with a normal amount of acetylcholine
  • tremor in the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face
  • rigidity and stiffness of the limbs and trunk
  • bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
  • impaired balance and coordination
  • lack of affect
  • slurred speech
  • pharmacologic therapy to manage symptoms
  • deep brain stimulation (DBS)
  • healthy lifestyle
  • walking carefully
  • OT
  • T'ai chi and qigong to improve balance Scoliosis - correct answer- a sideways or abnormal S- or C-shaped curve of the spine
  • back pain
  • uneven hips or shoulders
  • obvious abnormal curve of the spine upon inspection
  • leaning to one side
  • difficulty breathing
  • regular checkups
  • exercises to improve back strength

Sprain - correct answerstretching or tearing of ligaments PEACE - correct answerProtection, Elevate, Avoid, Compression, Education LOVE - correct answerLoad, Optimism, Vascularization, Exercise 5-year survival rate of amputees - correct answer- lower than lung, breast, or colon cancer

  • amputation rates are higher in black Americans Collaboration - correct answer- alterations in mobility require interaction among multiple clinicians to help the pt regain full mobility
  • refer pt to personal trainer or nutritionist to help build strong muscles and bones
  • refer pts to PTs or OTs to increase gross and fine motor movement
  • refer pt to counselors to help decrease stress and improve coping Concepts related to mobility - correct answer- collaboration
  • comfort
  • health, wellness, illness and injury
  • mood and affect
  • safety
  • stress and coping Five Ps of Neurovascular Assessment - correct answer- pain: assess on 0-
  • pulses: compare affected/unaffected extremity
  • pallor: observe skin color overall and in injured/affected area
  • paresthesia: ask about changes in sensation
  • paralysis/paresis: assess ability to move body parts distal to fracture

Muscle Function Grading Scale - correct answer0 - No contraction, paralysis 1 - Muscle contracts, but limb does not move 2 - Muscle movement only in absence of gravity 3 - Full ROM against gravity 4 - Full ROM against mild resistance 5 - Full ROM against full resistance Normal gait/posture assessment - correct answer- cervical and lumber spine should be concave

  • thoracic spine should be convex What is crepitation evidence of? - correct answerlost cartilage Normal ROM assessment - correct answer- flexion to 45 degrees
  • extension to 55 degrees
  • lateral bending to 40 degrees
  • rotation to 70 degrees Ankylosing spondylitis - correct answera form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
  • immobile neck with head and neck thrust forward Temporomandibular joint and cervical spine ROM issues - correct answer- common in women ages 20- 40 Upper vs. Lower cervical spine injuries - correct answer- upper more common in children under 11
  • lower more common in adolescents Lumbar Spine ROM - correct answer- flexion to 90 degrees
  • extension to 30 degrees
  • most common from 30- Nursemaid's Elbow - correct answerAnnular ligament displacement Wrist ROM - correct answer- flexion to 90
  • extension to 70
  • ulnar to 55
  • radial to 20 Gout - correct answer- swollen fingers with chalky discharge from tophi may indicate this
  • more common in men Trigger finger - correct answer- causes a popping or clicking sensation in the finder and a tender lump at the base of the finger; the finger will become fixed in a bent position
  • more common in women
  • onset is after 40 RA - correct answer- effects women more than men
  • onset is around 20 Hip ROM - correct answer- flexion to 120
  • hyperextension to 30
  • abduction to 45
  • IR to 40
  • ER to 45 Knee ROM - correct answer- flexion to 130
  • extension to 180

Ankles ROM - correct answer- dorsiflexion to 20

  • plantar flexion to 45
  • inversion to 30
  • eversion to 20 Ankle Injuries and Gener/Age - correct answer- mostly occur in men from 15-
  • women older than 30 Toes ROM - correct answer- flexion to 90 degrees Hallux Valgus - correct answer- lateral deviation of the great toe
  • causes bunions Hammertoe - correct answer- hyperextension of metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint indicate this Morton Neuroma - correct answer"feels like walking on a marble"
  • mostly women Phalen Test - correct answer- hold wrists in acute flexion for 60 secs
  • numbness, tingling, pain may indicate carpal tunnel Bulge Test - correct answer- milk upward on the medial knee and tap the lateral side of the patella
  • fluid bulge indicates effusion in the knee instead of swelling Ballottement Test - correct answer- apply downward pressure on the knee while pushing the patella back against the femur
  • increased fluid will cause a tapping sound as the patella displaces and fluid hits the femur
  • anticoagulant has potential teratogenic effects Sarcopenia - correct answer- progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associate with falls, fractures, disability, mortality
  • mobility limitations during aging are associated with atrophy in this process Closed fracture - correct answer- bone breaks but skin is intact
  • simple Open fracture - correct answer- bone breaks and protrudes through skin; increased risk of osteomyelitis
  • compound Complete fracture - correct answer- involves entire width of bone Greenstick fracture - correct answer- bone fragments still partially joined
  • incomplete
  • common in children Comminuted fracture - correct answer- bone fragments in many places
  • common in people with brittle bones, i.e. osteogenesis imperfecta Impacted fracture - correct answer- two ends of the bone are forced together
  • buckle
  • often seen with children's arm and hip fractures Oblique fracture - correct answer- diagonal to the bone's axis Transverse fracture - correct answer- occurs at right angle to bone's axis

Linear fracture - correct answer- occurs parallel to the bone's axis Displaced fracture - correct answer- broken ends of bone move out of correct anatomical alignment

  • unstable
  • requires immediate attention Nondisplaced fracture - correct answer- broken ends of bones remain aligned
  • stable Avulsion fracture - correct answer- fragment of bone is separated from the rest of the bone
  • may involve displacement of surrounding tissue Stress fracture - correct answer- caused by small repetitive forces on the bone
  • often caused by participation in sports or exercise Spiral fracture - correct answer- spirals around bone
  • occurs as the result of a twisting force, often during sports
  • common in kids Depression fracture - correct answer- bone is forced inward
  • common in skull Pathologic fracture - correct answer- caused by a disease that weakens the bone such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, and osteogenesis imperfecta Compression fracture - correct answer- bone is crushed; occurs most commonly in vertebrae
  • common in ppl with osteoporosis
  • surg. repair
  • analgesics for pain
  • RICE Compartment Syndrome - correct answer- edema, swelling, ischemia
  • pain, tenderness
  • paresthesia, numbness, paralysis
  • no distal pulse
  • skin discoloration
  • renal failure (late symptom)
  • Removal of tight cast
  • fasciotomy
  • ice
  • elevate DVT - correct answer- redness, warm
  • leg pain, cramp, swell
  • dislodged clots (emboli) may cause stroke, pulmonary embolism, MI
  • bed rest
  • anticoagulants
  • thrombolytics
  • surg insertion of filter Prevention
  • early immobilization of fracture
  • reg exercise
  • early ambulation
  • compression stockings or boots Fat embolism syndrome - correct answer- dyspnea, resp failure
  • petechial rash
  • confusion, seizures, coma
  • Purtscher retinopathy
  • fever
  • admin of oxygen
  • mechanical ventilation
  • corticosteroids
  • early immobilization
  • rare in children under 10 Infection - correct answer- warm, red
  • pain, swell, stiff
  • fever, chills
  • purulent drainage
  • antibiotics
  • analgesics
  • antipyretics
  • wound hygiene
  • amputation Common infecting organisms - correct answer- pseudomonas

OA in men - correct answerhips, knees, spine OA in women - correct answerhips, knees, hands Medical conditions posing as risk factors for OA - correct answerdiabetes, hypothyroidism, gout, paget disease Chart on 992 - correct answer Arthroscopy - correct answerthe visual examination of the internal structure of a joint and debridement Joint resurfacing - correct answer- small amount of bone removed, metal replacement is fitted over end of bone

  • often used instead of total joint replacement in younger patients Osteotomy - correct answer- surgical removal of wedge of bone above or below joint
  • realign affected joint
  • shift weight away from damaged part of joint joint fusion (arthrodesis) - correct answer- permanent fusion of two or more bones at a joint using pins, plates, screws, rods
  • bone graft may be used to stimulate bone growth at site
  • used for badly damaged smaller joints in spine, wrist, ankle, finger, toe Arthroplasty - correct answer- total joint replacement
  • damaged joint is removed, replaced with plastic, metal, or ceramic prosthesis
  • choice of prosthesis based on pt's weight, sex, age, activity level, health
  • artificial joints usually last 15-20 years
  • older adults best candidates
  • most common: hip, knee
  • total recovery time: 4-6 weeks to 6 months
  • complications: infection, clots, breakdown of artificial joint Page 1014 - correct answer Autonomic dysreflexia - correct answerinvolves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
  • sudden increase in Bp triggered by stimuli below injury level
  • lead to seizures, stroke Injuries above T12 - correct answer- decrease in resp. muscle control
  • nurse should help with cough asst tx C1-C4 level injury - correct answer- quadriplegia or tetraplegia (paralysis of four limbs)
  • pt cannot breathe
  • no control over bladder/bowel
  • need complete personal care C5 level injury - correct answer- incomplete or complete paralysis of trunk, legs, wrist and hand C6 level injury - correct answer- incomplete or complete paralysis of hand, trunk, legs C7 and C8 level injury - correct answer- some function of hand is present while trunk and legs are affected T1 to T12 level injuries - correct answerarm and hand function normally
  • can result in paraplegia where both legs are paralyzed
  • might need manual wheelchair