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NU 545 – Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025 Q&A | Instant Download PDF (University of South Alabama)
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C. Macrophages D. Natural killer cells Plasma cells are differentiated B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
Histamine release causes vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability seen in anaphylaxis. 10.A patient has a parathyroid adenoma. Which lab abnormality is expected? A. Hypocalcemia B. Hypercalcemia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypoglycemia Excess parathyroid hormone elevates serum calcium levels by increasing bone resorption and renal reabsorption. 11.In asthma, airway obstruction is primarily due to: A. Alveolar destruction B. Loss of surfactant C. Bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus production D. Pulmonary embolism Asthma involves bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, and increased mucus secretion leading to airflow limitation. 12.What is the primary defect in cystic fibrosis? A. Decreased surfactant B. Defective chloride channels C. Collapsed alveoli D. Excessive alveolar macrophages Mutations in the CFTR gene impair chloride transport, leading to thick secretions in lungs and pancreas.
13.What is the main cause of myocardial ischemia? A. Anemia B. Atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries C. Cardiac tamponade D. Pulmonary embolism Plaque buildup narrows coronary arteries, reducing oxygen supply to the myocardium. 14.Which hormone opposes the action of insulin? A. ADH B. Glucagon C. Aldosterone D. Erythropoietin Glucagon raises blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. 15.What is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome? A. Hematuria B. Pyuria C. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day D. Oliguria Massive protein loss through urine is the defining feature of nephrotic syndrome. 16.Which disorder is characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath? A. Parkinson’s disease B. Multiple sclerosis
Cushing’s syndrome results from excessive cortisol, often due to adrenal tumors or ACTH overproduction. 20.Which immunoglobulin is first produced in response to an antigen? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgG D. IgM IgM is the first antibody to appear during an initial immune response. 21.Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever? A. Interleukin- 2 B. Interleukin- 1 C. Interferon-alpha D. Tumor necrosis factor-beta IL-1 stimulates the hypothalamus to increase body temperature. 22.Which of the following is a classic sign of nephritic syndrome? A. Hematuria B. Proteinuria >3.5g/day C. Hyperlipidemia D. Edema only Nephritic syndrome is characterized by glomerular inflammation leading to hematuria. 23.What is the role of surfactant in the lungs? A. Remove debris B. Produce mucus
C. Decrease alveolar surface tension D. Facilitate gas diffusion Surfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration. 24.Which vitamin deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia? A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin B C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin E B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis in RBC precursors, causing large, immature cells. 25.What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension? A. Atherosclerosis B. Hypothyroidism C. Renal artery stenosis D. Pheochromocytoma Renal artery narrowing activates the renin-angiotensin system, raising blood pressure. 26.Which condition is characterized by a decrease in GABA? A. Alzheimer’s disease B. Huntington’s disease C. Parkinson’s disease D. Schizophrenia
B. Estrogen C. Oxytocin D. Progesterone Oxytocin stimulates strong uterine contractions and milk let-down. 31.Which of the following best describes preload? A. Pressure against which the heart pumps B. Resistance of systemic circulation C. Ventricular end-diastolic volume D. Blood pressure in the arteries Preload refers to the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole. 32.Which electrolyte abnormality can cause Trousseau’s sign? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hyponatremia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypermagnesemia Low calcium levels increase neuromuscular excitability, producing Trousseau’s sign. 33.Which condition results from destruction of acetylcholine receptors? A. ALS B. Multiple sclerosis C. Myasthenia gravis D. Parkinson’s disease Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
34.What is the main mechanism of ischemic stroke? A. Intracerebral hemorrhage B. Thromboembolism C. Brain abscess D. Trauma Ischemic strokes are most often caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of cerebral arteries. 35.Which lab test confirms rheumatic fever? A. Anti-DNA antibodies B. Anti-insulin antibodies C. Elevated ASO titer D. HLA-B27 antigen Elevated antistreptolysin O (ASO) indicates recent Streptococcus pyogenes infection. 36.Which fluid compartment holds the largest percentage of body water? A. Intravascular B. Interstitial C. Intracellular D. Transcellular Approximately two-thirds of total body water is inside cells. 37.Which finding is expected in SIADH? A. Hypernatremia B. Polyuria C. Hyponatremia
B. Dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra C. Acetylcholine excess D. Demyelination of CNS Parkinson’s results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. 42.Which finding is common in metabolic acidosis? A. Decreased respiratory rate B. Increased respiratory rate (Kussmaul respirations) C. Hypertension D. Bradycardia The body compensates by hyperventilating to blow off CO₂. 43.Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgM D. IgG IgG provides passive immunity to the fetus. 44.Which is a classic sign of right-sided heart failure? A. Pulmonary edema B. Peripheral edema C. Hemoptysis D. Dyspnea only Right-sided failure causes systemic venous congestion, leading to leg and ankle swelling.
45.Which mechanism causes Grave’s disease? A. Insulin resistance B. Autoantibodies stimulating TSH receptors C. Cortisol deficiency D. Vitamin D resistance TSH receptor antibodies overstimulate the thyroid, causing hyperthyroidism. 46.Which structure releases renin? A. Adrenal cortex B. Liver C. Pituitary gland D. Juxtaglomerular cells Renin is produced by juxtaglomerular cells in response to low renal perfusion. 47.Which electrolyte abnormality is common in tumor lysis syndrome? A. Hypokalemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypophosphatemia Massive cell lysis releases intracellular potassium, causing hyperkalemia. 48.Which lung volume is increased in emphysema? A. Tidal volume B. Residual volume C. Vital capacity
52.Which condition results from adrenal cortex destruction? A. Addison’s disease B. Cushing’s syndrome C. Conn’s syndrome D. Pheochromocytoma Addison’s is primary adrenal insufficiency due to destruction of the adrenal cortex, causing low cortisol and aldosterone. 53.Which cardiac biomarker is most specific for myocardial infarction? A. Myoglobin B. CK-MB C. LDH D. Troponin I Troponin I is highly specific and sensitive for myocardial injury. 54.What is the hallmark finding of acute glomerulonephritis? A. Proteinuria >3.5g/day B. Hematuria with RBC casts C. Polyuria D. Hypokalemia Hematuria with RBC casts indicates glomerular inflammation. 55.Which mechanism best explains the development of ascites in cirrhosis? A. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia B. Increased oncotic pressure C. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure D. Lymphatic obstruction only
Portal hypertension and low albumin promote fluid movement into the peritoneal cavity. 56.Which electrolyte imbalance is common with chronic renal failure? A. Hypokalemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypercalcemia D. Hypernatremia Damaged kidneys can’t excrete potassium efficiently, leading to hyperkalemia. 57.Which finding is consistent with iron deficiency anemia? A. Macrocytic, normochromic RBCs B. Normocytic, normochromic RBCs C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs D. Macrocytic, hyperchromic RBCs Iron deficiency causes small RBCs with less hemoglobin. 58.Which is an early sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? A. Bradycardia B. Hypertension C. Altered level of consciousness D. Fixed pupils Changes in LOC are typically the earliest indicator of rising ICP. 59.Which condition is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex? A. Cushing’s disease
63.Which lab value supports a diagnosis of DKA? A. Normal blood glucose B. Low bicarbonate C. Alkalosis D. Hypoglycemia DKA causes metabolic acidosis with low bicarbonate levels. 64.Which finding is expected in hyperparathyroidism? A. Hypercalcemia B. Hypocalcemia C. Hyponatremia D. Hyperkalemia Excess PTH increases serum calcium. 65.Which bacteria is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia? A. Klebsiella pneumoniae B. Mycoplasma pneumoniae C. Legionella pneumophila D. Streptococcus pneumoniae S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of typical CAP. 66.Which clinical sign suggests left ventricular failure? A. Jugular venous distention B. Crackles in lungs C. Peripheral edema
D. Ascites Pulmonary congestion causes crackles in left-sided heart failure. 67.Which blood gas finding is typical in severe anxiety with hyperventilation? A. Low pH, high CO₂ B. Normal pH, normal CO₂ C. High pH, low CO₂ D. High pH, high CO₂ Hyperventilation blows off CO₂, causing respiratory alkalosis. 68.Which mechanism explains the edema in nephrotic syndrome? A. Increased oncotic pressure B. Increased lymphatic drainage C. Low plasma albumin levels D. High sodium excretion Protein loss lowers oncotic pressure, promoting fluid leakage. 69.Which antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions? A. IgG B. IgM C. IgE D. IgA IgE binds mast cells, triggering histamine release. 70.What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism? A. Pituitary tumor B. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis C. Thyroid adenoma