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NUR 2063 / NUR2063: ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 - 2026
(SCORE A) - RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY
Renal Calculus Cause Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid). Renal Calculus S/S Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S Urinary retention Obstruction to flow Decreased stream Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream Infection caused by retention .Aldosterone "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure. Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors Diabetes Hypertension Recurrent pyelonephritis Acute tubular necrosis Glomerulonephritis Polycystic kidney disease Family history of CKD Smoking Age over 65 Ethnicity
Oral Cancer Presents at the base of the mouth or border of the tongue. Hiatal Hernia Defect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach to pass through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax. Causes of Hiatal Hernia Aging Chronic straining Coughing Obesity Pregnancy Ascites (accumulation of protein-containing fluid within the abdomen) Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach lining
S/S of Gastritis Postprandial discomfort Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Hematemesis (vomiting blood) Peptic Ulcer Disease A break or ulceration in the protective mucosa lining of the lower esophagus (LES), stomach, or duodenum. Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease H. pylori NSAIDs S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease Burning pain on empty stomach Eating relieves pain Life-threatening complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no warning.
Inflammation of the prostate. Most common association is E. coli. Prostatitis S/S Fever Chills Tender prostate Low back pain Dysuria Leukocytosis Metrorrhagia Causes Bleeding from endometrium during ovulation Uterine malignancy Cervical erosions Endometrial polyps Estrogen therapy Hypomenorrhea Deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow
.Hypomenorrhea Causes Endocrine or systemic disorders interfering with hormones Partial obstruction of menstrual flow Oligomenorrhea Infrequent menstruation Oligomenorrhea Cause Endocrine/systemic disorder causing failure to ovulate Polymenorrhea Increased frequency of menstruation Polymenorrhea Cause Endocrine/systemic disorder causing ovulation .Menorrhagia Increase in amount or duration of bleeding; prolonged and heavy bleeding
Overactive Bladder Syndrome Urgency associated with increased daytime frequency and nocturia Mixed Incontinence Results from a combination of stress and urge incontinence Neurogenic Bladder Broad classification of voiding dysfunction in which the specific cause is a pathology that produces a disruption of nervous communication governing micturition. Overflow Incontinence Bladder becomes so full that it leaks urine, or "overflows" Causes: obstruction of the urethra; underactive/inactive detrusor muscle Functional Incontinence Related to physical or environmental limitations resulting in an inability to access a toilet in time Transient Incontinence
Sudden onset and as a result of potentially reversible conditions such as infections, constipation, or fecal impaction. .HSV-1 Pathogenesis Associated with infection above the waist (oral, lips, eyes, epidermis). Often affects children <5 years. HSV-1 S/S "Cold sores," "chancres" HSV-2 Pathogenesis "Genital herpes" Mostly genital, anal, and perianal HSV-2 S/S Oral lesions Genital infection includes fluid-filled vesicles after 3- 7 - day incubation period Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Absolute insulin deficiency
Undetectable TSH levels are the best indicator. Elevated serum T4 and T3. Hypothyroidism Lab Values Increased TSH levels. Low serum T4 and T3. Thyroid Storm (Accelerated hyperthyroidism) Form of life-threatening thyrotoxicosis that occurs when excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are acutely released into circulation Increased temperature Tachycardia Hypertension Extreme restlessness Glycogenolysis Glucagon breaks down stored glucose during the fasting state. Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathogenesis Continued insulin deficiency leads to lipolysis of body tissues--free fatty acids produced by the breakdown of fat from adipose tissue.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis S/S Deep, labored respirations that are "fruity" in odor (Kussmaul respirations) Hypovolemia Hyperkalemia Cushing Syndrome Hypercortisolism; excess circulating glucocorticoids. Exogenous steroid use is the most common cause. Cushing Syndrome S/S Round face with prominent, flushed cheeks ("moon face") Weight gain with increasing total body fat, especially the abdomen Thin, fragile skin Dorsocervical & supraclavicular fat pad Mood swings Insomnia Loss of libido Diabetes S/S
Polyuria (excessive urination) Patient may void up to 15 L of urine daily Nocturia Polydipsia (excessive drinking) Hypernatremia Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Pathogenesis Excessive ADH from ectopic production from tumors, notably primary lung malignancies Excess ADH stimulates renal tubules to reabsorb water despite decreased blood osmolality. Adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism can cause increased ADH secretion and hyponatremia. SIADH S/S Hyponatremia High urine osmolality Low serum osmolality Weakness, muscle cramps, N/V, postural BP changes, poor skin turgor, fatigue, anorexia, lethargy Confusion, hemiparesis, seizures, coma
Primary Endocrine Disorder Intrinsic malfunction of the hormone-producing gland. Ex. thyroid gland fails to secrete thyroid hormones and serum level T4 becomes lower Secondary Endocrine Disorder Malfunction of the hypothalamus/pituitary cells that control the hormone-producing target gland. Ex. Pituitary gland fails to release TSH, secondarily reducing thyroid gland production, so both T4 and TSH levels are abnormally low in circulation. Hormones Released by Anterior Pituitary Gland Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol and aldosterone)) Parathyroid Gland Regulates parathyroid hormone (PTH) Detects serum calcium concentration and help maintains constant levels through the regulation of calcium absorption and resorption from bone Bladder Cancer
Complications include esophageal strictures & Barrett's esophagus Functional Obstruction the loss of propulsive ability by the bowel and may occur after abdominal surgery or in association with hypokalemia, peritonitis, severe trauma spinal fractures, ureteral distention, and the administration of medications such as narcotics. Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis) Acute inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine, usually affecting the mucosa, but sometimes extending to other areas. .Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis) Causes Clostridium difficile (exposure to antibiotics) Patients with cancer or who have undergone abdominal surgery are at particular risk. .S/S of Enterocolitis Diarrhea (often bloody) Abdominal pain Fever Leukocytosis Sepsis
Colonic perforation (rare) Mechanical Obstruction S/S Increased bowel sounds initially, accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting Mechanical Obstruction Pathogenesis Adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus (twisting), or intussusception (telescoping). Hirschsprung Disease Congenital disorder of the large intestine in which the autonomic ganglia are reduced or absent. Most commonly found in infants and children. Stasis of the stool and megacolon may occur in the abnormally innervated section of the bowel. Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Autodigestion of the pancreas from enzyme activation. Causes of Pancreatitis
