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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide: Questions & Answers, Exams of Nursing

Valdosta State University (VSU)Nursing

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts in pathophysiology, covering topics such as homeostasis, general adaptation syndrome, fluid balance, electrolytes, inflammation, hypersensitivity reactions, cancer, bone disorders, and skin conditions. It includes a series of questions and answers designed to help students prepare for their first exam in nur 2063 pathophysiology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/05/2025

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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study Guide Questions & Answers
What is pathophysiology? - ANSWERSThe study of homeostasis. What the body has to
do to be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal.
General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWERSA cluster of systemic manifestations that
represent an attempt to cope with a stressor
Describe the Alarm phase - ANSWERSGeneralized stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight.
Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body.
Breathing is faster.
Describe the resistance stage of GAS - ANSWERSDuring this stage the body selects
the most effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol
levels that were present in the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed.
Trying to get away from the stress.
Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS - ANSWERSInitiated if the stressor is prolonged
or overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done.
What is a sign? - ANSWERSsomething that you can physically see
What is a symptom? - ANSWERSSomething that is felt by a person
What is edema? - ANSWERSSwelling/inflammation.
excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
Dehydration - ANSWERS(ECF volume deficit)
Inadequate fluid intake
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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1

Study Guide Questions & Answers

What is pathophysiology? - ANSWERSThe study of homeostasis. What the body has to do to be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal. General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWERSA cluster of systemic manifestations that represent an attempt to cope with a stressor Describe the Alarm phase - ANSWERSGeneralized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight. Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body. Breathing is faster. Describe the resistance stage of GAS - ANSWERSDuring this stage the body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol levels that were present in the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed. Trying to get away from the stress. Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS - ANSWERSInitiated if the stressor is prolonged or overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done. What is a sign? - ANSWERSsomething that you can physically see What is a symptom? - ANSWERSSomething that is felt by a person What is edema? - ANSWERSSwelling/inflammation. excess fluid in the interstitial spaces Dehydration - ANSWERS(ECF volume deficit) Inadequate fluid intake

occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet body's needs. Lack of volume in the body Hypertonic Hydration (fluid overload) - ANSWERSExcess fluid, lungs-difficult to breathe, bounding pulse. Edema is an example What is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid? - ANSWERSSodium (NaCl) Chloride The main electrolyte inside of the cell? - ANSWERSPotassium Main electrolyte in the interstitial space - ANSWERSMagnesium Sodium normal range - ANSWERS135-145 meq/L High sodium ( > 145 mEq/L): - ANSWERShypernatremia Symptoms of hypernatremia include - ANSWERSdehydration and any accompanying ECF volume deficit (postural hypotension, weakness, and tachycardia). <135 meq/L (Low sodium) - ANSWERSHyponatremia Hyponatremia symptoms - ANSWERSCauses brain swelling, weakness, and confusion Normal Chloride levels - ANSWERS98-108meq/L

108 Meq/L High Chloride levels - ANSWERSHyperchloremia <98 meq/L Low Chloride levels - ANSWERSHypochloremia 3.5 - 5 mEq/liter - ANSWERSnormal potassium levels High potassium >5 meq/L - ANSWERSHyperkalemia <3.5 meq/L Low potassium - ANSWERSHypokalemia 4-5 meq/L - ANSWERSnormal calcium levels 5 meq/L High calcium - ANSWERSHypercalcemia *muscles can spasm & tense up <4 meq/L Low calcium - ANSWERSHypocalcemia *muscles are not as strong Normal magnesium Levels - ANSWERS1.8-2.5 meq/L

contact dermatitis Examples of type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSContact dermatitis reaction to a surface substance Poison ivy Immunosuppression can be caused by - ANSWERSstress, lack of sleep, poor diet, chemotherapy What cell is destructed by HIV? - ANSWERSCD4+ cell Benign tumor is - ANSWERSnon-cancerous Malignant tumor - ANSWERScancerous tumor that can metastasize (spread to other parts of body & make other tumors) TMN - ANSWERSTumor Metastases Nodes Stage 1 Cancer - ANSWERSlocalized to one region Stage 2 cancer - ANSWERSLocally advanced, early Stage 3 cancer - ANSWERSLocally advanced, Late Stage 4 Cancer - ANSWERSmetastasized IPP means - ANSWERSinitiation promotion progression What is gout caused by? - ANSWERSbuild up of uric acid Difference between T cells and B cells - ANSWERSBoth cells originate in bone T cells mature in the thymus B cells mature in the bone marrow Types of T cells - ANSWERS1. T-Helper cells ( or CD4 T-cells)

  1. T-cytotoxic cell Types of B Cells - ANSWERSplasma cells and memory cells Skin cancer - ANSWERSUV rays, radiation Osteomyelitis - ANSWERSinfection inside the bone risks of osteomyelitis - ANSWERSPressure ulcers

Open fracture Osteosarcoma - ANSWERSA very aggressive bone cancer that is mostly seen in children. Occurs in the long bones like the femur and tibia Osteomalacia/rickets - ANSWERSbones become softer because of a vitamin D deficiency Osteoporosis - ANSWERSA condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily transverse bone fracture - ANSWERSthe fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone oblique bone fracture - ANSWERSat an angle to long axis of bone comminuted fracture - ANSWERSbone breaks into many fragments open fracture - ANSWERScompound fracture; broken bone with an open wound rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWERSHypersensitivity #3 a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked Scoliosis - ANSWERSabnormal lateral curvature of the spine Complications: pulmonary compromise The 5 P's of Compartment Syndrome - ANSWERSpain pallor pulselessness paralysis paresthesia Fibromyalgia - ANSWERSpain in the muscle fibers hard to diagnose because no specific test muscular dystrophy - ANSWERSMuscles shrink and wither up genetic disorder affects boys Teenage life expectancy Paresthesia: - ANSWERSNumbness and tingling Pulselessness: - ANSWERSno pulse. area is pale difference between sprain and strain - ANSWERSA strain is a tendon injury,