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NUR 2270 Exam Blueprint: Foundations of Care Management
1. What is the focus of Jean Watson's Theory of Caring?: Emphasizes the importance
of caring for people as individuals with unique needs and experiences.
2. What moral commitment does a nurse have according to Jean Watson's Theory
of Caring?: To protect and enhance human dignity by respecting and honoring patients' needs, wishes, routines, and rituals.
3. How does caring for the whole person manifest in nursing practice?: By
practicing and honoring the wholeness of mind, body, and spirit in oneself and others.
4. What is a key insight from Jean Watson regarding patient interactions?-
: Every interaction with the patient offers a moment of caring or a meaningful connection.
5. What are the steps in the NCSBN Clinical Judgment Model?: 1) Recognize Cues, 2)
Analyze Cues, 3) Prioritize Hypotheses, 4) Generate Solutions, 5) Take Action, 6) Evaluate Outcomes.
6. What is the purpose of the Nursing Process?: To create a standard of care where
the nurse develops a nursing diagnosis and care plan based on patient assessment.
7. What are the five steps of the Nursing Process?: 1) Assessment, 2) Analysis,
- Planning, 4) Implementation, 5) Evaluation.
8. How does the Nursing Process differ from the Medical Model?: The Nursing Process
takes a holistic approach focusing on patient problems and care plans, while the Medical Model focuses on diagnosing and treating specific diseases.
9. What is the significance of clustering data in nursing assessment?: It helps the RN
better understand the patient's condition by grouping data by body system to identify patterns and trends.
10. What are the types of assessments in nursing?: 1) History and Physical, 2)
Subjective vs. Objective, 3) Initial/Comprehensive Assessment, 4) Focused Assess- ment,
- Emergency Assessment, 6) Follow-Up Assessment.
11. What is the difference between subjective and objective data in nursing as-
sessments?: Subjective data is reported by the client (symptoms), while objective data is measurable and observable by the healthcare provider (signs).
12. What is the purpose of an Initial/Comprehensive Assessment?: To provide a
baseline of the patient's condition for future comparisons.
13. What is the focus of a Focused Assessment?: To gather information after the
baseline assessment once the priority issue is identified.
proof that the patient has an actual problem.
22. What is the difference between an actual problem and a risk problem in nursing
diagnosis?: An actual problem is based on observable symptoms, while a risk problem is based on potential responses to health conditions.
23. What is the purpose of identifying risk factors in nursing diagnoses?: To support
the identification of increased vulnerability in individuals or communities.
24. What is the aim of a nursing diagnosis focused on health promotion?: To assess
motivation and desire to enhance well-being and specific health behaviors.
25. What does a syndrome nursing diagnosis consist of?: A cluster of predicted actual
or high-risk nursing diagnoses related to a specific event or situation.
26. What are the steps to writing a nursing diagnosis?: Determine the problem type,
choose a diagnosis from the NANDA list, and include 'as evidenced by' for actual or risk problems.
27. What is a common error seen in writing diagnostic statements?: Failing to clearly
identify the problem or its evidence.
28. How should nursing diagnoses be prioritized?: By order of importance, considering
airway, breathing, circulation, Maslow's hierarchy, and least invasive to most invasive.
29. What should goals in nursing care aim to achieve?: Goals should be pa- tient-
centered, broad, and stem from the problem statement.
30. What is an example of a goal statement in nursing?: The patient will have no
evidence of infection as evidenced by a body temperature between 97.8 F and 98.6 F throughout hospitalization.
31. What characteristics should nursing goals possess?: They should stem from the
nursing diagnosis, be measurable, and can be short-term or long-term.
32. What does SMART stand for in the context of outcomes?: Specific, Measur- able,
Achievable, Results-oriented, Time-limited.
33. What is the role of nursing interventions in patient care?: To implement actions
based on best evidence and to document care.
34. What should nursing interventions be derived from?: They should be par- tially
derived from the outcomes established in the care plan.
35. What are the characteristics of effective nursing interventions?: They should be
safe, achievable, congruent with patient beliefs, and patient-centered.
36. What is the significance of measurable outcomes in nursing?: They help evaluate
whether the goals of care have been met.
37. What is the purpose of identifying the goal in nursing planning?: To estab- lish clear
performs away from the patient but on their behalf.
47. What are the three classifications of nursing interventions?: Independent,
Dependent, and Collaborative (Interdisciplinary) interventions.
48. What is an independent nursing intervention?: Actions the nurse can perform
without a provider order, such as raising the head of the bed or taking vitals.
49. What is a dependent nursing intervention?: Actions that require a provider order,
such as applying oxygen.
50. What is a collaborative nursing intervention?: Interventions that involve mul- tiple
specialties or healthcare professionals working together.
51. What are the steps in the implementation of nursing interventions?: - Pre-
assessment of the patient, determining needs for assistance, implementing interventions, delegation, and documentation.
52. What is the purpose of evaluation in nursing care?: To assess desired
outcomes after the implementation of nursing care.
53. What factors are evaluated to determine patient progress?: Patient's progress
toward achieving goals and the effectiveness of the nursing plan of care.
54. What are the three possible outcomes of a nursing care plan evaluation?-
: Continuation, Modification, or Termination of the plan of care.
55. What does it mean to terminate a nursing care plan?: It means the interven- tion
was unsuccessful, requiring a new plan to be created.
56. What are the components of an evaluation statement?: Date and time of
evaluation, conclusion about goal achievement, and supporting statements with results.
57. What does I/O stand for in nursing?: Intake and Output, which measures fluids and
food entering and exiting the body.
58. What is fluid balance in nursing?: The equilibrium of fluids coming in and out of the
body.
59. What is the difference between an indwelling catheter and a straight catheter?: An
indwelling catheter remains inserted for continuous drainage, while a straight catheter is inserted and removed.
60. What is a key prevention strategy for CAUTI?: Remove the indwelling catheter
within 5 days and ensure the patient urinates within 6-8 hours of removal.
61. What should be done to prevent urinary retention?: Assess post-void resid- ual and
encourage regular hydration and physical activity.
62. What is urinary stasis?: The inability to completely empty the bladder, which can
lead to bacterial growth and increase UTI risk.
ray, CT scan, ultrasound, and blood tests.
71. What are some prevention strategies for urinary calculi?: Drink lots of fluids, eat a
healthy diet, and limit intake of foods that cause stones.
72. What is stress incontinence and how can it be assessed?: Stress inconti- nence is
urine leakage during physical exertion; assess by looking for urine leakage when coughing, sneezing, or lifting heavy objects.
73. What characterizes urge incontinence?: Urge incontinence is characterized by a
sudden urge to urinate with inability to reach the bathroom in time.
74. What is overflow incontinence?: Overflow incontinence occurs when a patient
cannot empty their bladder completely, leading to leaks without any urge.
75. What is functional incontinence?: Functional incontinence occurs when pa- tients
are unaware of their need to urinate but cannot reach the bathroom due to physical or mental limitations.
76. What is anuria and how should it be monitored?: Anuria is the absence or near
absence of urine; monitor patient intake/output, especially urine output.
77. What is oliguria and what should be done to manage it?: Oliguria is reduced urine
output; monitor intake/output and ensure the patient stays hydrated.
78. What is dysuria and how can it be assessed?: Dysuria is painful urination; assess
by asking the client about a burning sensation during urination.
79. What are the signs of a lower UTI?: Signs include increased urinary frequen-
cy/urgency, cloudy and foul-smelling urine, dysuria, suprapubic pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and possible hematuria.
80. What additional signs indicate an upper UTI?: Upper UTI signs include flank pain,
high fever, malaise, dehydration, and all signs of a lower UTI.
81. What are some causes of UTIs?: Causes include poor hygiene, incontinence,
bacteria entering the urinary tract, loss of muscle tone with age, and sex (more common in females).
82. What are prevention strategies for UTIs?: Prevention includes proper hy- giene,
bladder training, maintaining a bathroom schedule, dietary management, and timely removal of catheters.
