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Nur 250 Final Exam 2024 LATEST EXAM
ELABORATION WITH ANSWERS (SCORE A)
Deaconesses made visits to the sick in the early Christian period when nursing developed purpose, direction, and leadership as a result of a more formal and clearly defined role. 16th century nursing shifted from religious orientation to emphasis on warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge; nursing had a poor reputation; low pay, long hours, unfavorable conditions. 18 - 20th century nursing social reform changed roles of nurses and women in general; nursing as we know it began. Florence Nightingale challenged prejudices against women and elevated the status of all nurses; established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about health care and nursing education; founder of modern nursing.
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross. Nursing process integrates both the art and science of nursing; used by the nurse to identify the patient's health care needs and strengths, to establish and carry out a plan of care to meet those needs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan to meet established outcomes. Theory group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality. Concepts like ideas, abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality; describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them. Conceptual framework or model a group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern.
Inductive reasoning research method in which one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas. Quantitative research deductive reasoning; descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental research. Basic research sometimes called pure or laboratory research, is designed to generate and refine theory. Theory of animism theory that good spirits brought health, and evil spirits brought sickness and death. Roles of nurse vs. physician in early civilizations physician is considered the medicine man, while the nurse is considered a caring mother. Temples center of medical care in ancient Greece.
Nurses in ancient Greece cared for the sick in the home and community, practiced as nurse midwives. Applied research also called practical research, is designed to directly influence or improve clinical practice. Qualitative research method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings. PICO clinical questions asked in specific format; patient, population, or problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome of interest. Health a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
Chronic illness usually has a slow onset and may have periods of remission and exacerbation. Primary interventions directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease process or injury; immunization clinics, family planning services, poison-control information, accident-prevention education. Secondary interventions focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found; assessing children for normal growth and development, encouraging regular medical, dental, and vision examinations. Tertiary interventions begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning; teaching diabetic how to recognize and prevent complications, PT to prevent contractures in stroke or spinal cord injury, referral to support group after breast removal because of cancer. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiologic, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization needs. Erikson's Stages of Development trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativitiy vs stagnation, ego integrity vs despair. Culture beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people. Assimilation blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity Acculturation the process of holding on to older traditions while adapting to a new culture. Culture shock
Subculture a large group of people who are members of the larger cultural group but who have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics that are not common to the larger culture. Stereotyping when one assumes that all members of a culture, ethnic group, or race act alike. Value belief about the worth of something, about what matters, that acts as a standard to guide one's behavior. Value system an organization of values in which each is ranked along a continuum of importance, often leading to a personal code of conduct. Advocacy protection and support of another person's rights.
Ethics systematic study of principles of right and wrong conduct, virtue and vice, and good and evil as they relate to conduct and human flourishing. Autonomy respect the rights of patients or their surrogates to make healthcare decisions. Non-maleficence avoid causing harm. Beneficence benefit the patient, and balance benefits against risks and harms. Justice give each his or her due; act fairly. Fidelity
ANA Code of Ethics set of principles that reflect the primary goals, values, and obligations of the profession. Paternalism does preventing potential harm justify violating a patient's rights to autonomy and make it acceptable for the nurse to act as a "parent," choosing the action the patient does not want because the nurse believes it to be in the patient's best interest? Statutory law must be in keeping with both federal and state constitutions; nurse practice acts. Common law court-made law; most law involving malpractice. Civil law the system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs.
Crime violation punishable by the state. Tort intentional or unintentional acts of wrongdoing; subject to action in a civil court with damages usually being settled with money. Misdemeanor less serious crime, commonly punishable with a fine, imprisonment for less, than one year, or both, with parole. Felony punishable by imprisonment in a state or federal penitentiary for more than one year. Nurse Practice Act lists the violations that can result in disciplinary actions against a nurse and also intend to prevent untrained or unlicensed people from practicing nursing. Malpractice
designed to protect health practitioners when they give aid to people in emergency situations. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 set legal standards in the US in an effort to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for men and women. HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - protect patients against invasion of privacy. Wills describe the intentions of a testator to be carried out upon his or her death. ACA Affordable Care Act IOM Institute of Medicine
ACO
accountable care organization; offers incentives to provide integrated, well-coordinated care to patients. Continuity of care process by which health care providers give appropriate, uninterrupted care and facilitate the patient's transition between different settings and levels of care. Home healthcare medical and/or personal care provided to individuals and families in their places of residence with the goal of promoting, maintaining, or restoring health or minimizing the effects of disabilities and illnesses, including terminal illnesses. Care coordination a mechanism to make sure that patients get the right care at the right time in the most efficient and cost-effective manner, by the right person in the right setting. SBAR situation, background, assessment, recommendation.
Nursing process description systematic method that directs the nurse and the patient, as together they accomplish the five steps. NIC nursing interventions classification; identify, label, validate, and classify actions nurses perform, including direct and indirect care interventions. NOC Nursing-sensitive outcomes classification; identify, label, validate, and classify nursing- sensitive patient outcomes and indicators to evaluate the validity and usefulness of the classification, and define and test measurement procedures for the outcomes and indicators. Six Components of Infection Cycle infections agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host. Four Stages of the Infection Cycle incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period.
Infectious agent most prevalent agents are bacteria, viruses, and fungi; bacteria are the most significant. Reservoir for growth and multiplication of microorganisms; the natural habitat of the organism; people, animals, soil, food, water, milk, inanimate objects. Portal of exit point of escape for the organism from the reservoir; respiratory, GI, and GU tracts. Means of transmission organisms can enter the body by way of the contact route, either directly or indirectly. Portal of entry point at which organisms enter a new host. Susceptible host
