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NUR 3125 Pathophysiology for Nursing
Practice Midterm Exam 1 Questions
and Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
- A patient presents with edema. Which physiological mechanism is most likely responsible? A. Increased oncotic pressure B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure C. Increased capillary permeability D. Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure Increased capillary permeability allows proteins and fluids to move into the interstitial space, leading to edema.
- Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with chronic renal failure? A. Hypokalemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypernatremia Renal failure leads to impaired potassium excretion, causing hyperkalemia.
- Which respiratory pattern is commonly seen in metabolic acidosis? A. Apnea B. Cheyne-Stokes respirations C. Kussmaul respirations D. Biot's respirations Kussmaul respirations are deep and rapid, seen in compensation for metabolic acidosis.
- What is the main function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? A. Increase blood glucose B. Regulate blood pressure and fluid balance C. Promote diuresis D. Decrease systemic vascular resistance RAAS increases blood pressure and volume via vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention.
- Which of the following conditions is associated with elevated serum troponin? A. Pulmonary embolism B. Myocardial infarction C. Congestive heart failure D. Aortic stenosis Troponin is a specific marker for myocardial injury, especially in myocardial infarction.
A. Apoptosis B. Atrophy C. Anaerobic metabolism D. Hypertrophy Without oxygen, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism for energy. 10.Which lab result would you expect in a patient with respiratory acidosis? A. Increased pH and decreased CO₂ B. Decreased HCO₃⁻ and increased pH C. Decreased pH and increased CO₂ D. Increased pH and increased CO₂ Respiratory acidosis is due to CO₂ retention, causing low pH. 11.Which of the following is a sign of left-sided heart failure? A. Peripheral edema B. Jugular vein distension C. Pulmonary congestion D. Hepatomegaly Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the lungs, resulting in pulmonary congestion. 12.In asthma, the primary pathophysiologic problem is: A. Alveolar destruction B. Pulmonary fibrosis
C. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction D. Collapse of lung tissue Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of airways. 13.What is the most common cause of cellular injury? A. Chemical toxins B. Hypoxia C. Infection D. Physical trauma Hypoxia impairs oxidative metabolism and is the most common cause of injury. 14.A patient has a sodium level of 128 mEq/L. Which condition does this indicate? A. Hypernatremia B. Normal sodium level C. Hyponatremia D. Hypokalemia Normal sodium is 135–145 mEq/L; 128 mEq/L is hyponatremia. 15.What compensatory mechanism helps in early shock? A. Bradycardia B. Tachycardia C. Vasodilation D. Decreased cardiac output Tachycardia increases cardiac output to maintain perfusion in early shock. 16.What does the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells indicate?
Hepatitis A is transmitted via contaminated food or water (fecal-oral). 20.Which condition results in a barrel chest appearance? A. Bronchitis B. Asthma C. Emphysema D. Pneumonia In emphysema, air trapping causes chest wall expansion (barrel chest). 21.What is a major risk factor for stroke? A. Hypercalcemia B. Hyperthyroidism C. Hypertension D. Hypernatremia Hypertension is the most significant modifiable risk factor for stroke. 22.Which WBC is most elevated during allergic reactions? A. Neutrophils B. Monocytes C. Eosinophils D. Basophils Eosinophils play a key role in allergic responses and parasitic infections. 23.What acid-base imbalance is expected with prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis Vomiting leads to loss of gastric acid, causing metabolic alkalosis. 24.What is the result of SIADH? A. Hypernatremia B. Hyponatremia C. Dehydration D. Hyperkalemia SIADH causes water retention, diluting serum sodium (hyponatremia). 25.Which is a symptom of hypothyroidism? A. Weight loss B. Insomnia C. Cold intolerance D. Heat intolerance Cold intolerance occurs due to decreased metabolic activity in hypothyroidism. 26.Which hormone is decreased in Addison’s disease? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Cortisol D. ADH Addison’s disease involves adrenal insufficiency, resulting in low cortisol.
C. Serum creatinine D. Urine specific gravity Serum creatinine is the most reliable marker for estimating GFR. 31.In bacterial infections, which WBC is first to respond? A. Lymphocytes B. Basophils C. Neutrophils D. Monocytes Neutrophils are the primary responders to acute bacterial infections. 32.What is the function of surfactant in the lungs? A. Facilitate oxygen transport B. Reduce alveolar surface tension C. Promote gas exchange D. Increase respiratory rate Surfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse. 33.Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets? A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin D C. Vitamin A D. Vitamin B Vitamin D deficiency impairs calcium absorption, causing rickets.
34.Which of the following causes nephrotic syndrome? A. Hypoglycemia B. Proteinuria C. Hyperlipidemia D. Hematuria Proteinuria is the defining feature of nephrotic syndrome. 35.What is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease? A. Stress B. H. pylori infection C. Acid reflux D. Smoking H. pylori disrupts the mucosal barrier, allowing acid damage. 36.Which hormone is responsible for sodium retention? A. ADH B. Aldosterone C. Cortisol D. Insulin Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. 37.Which condition increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis? A. Hypotension B. Leukocytosis C. Immobility D. Hyperkalemia
A. Lung B. Colorectal C. Breast and ovarian D. Prostate BRCA1/2 gene mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. 42.What is a key sign of systemic lupus erythematosus? A. Wheezing B. Butterfly facial rash C. Dry mouth D. Muscle rigidity The butterfly rash is a classic manifestation of lupus. 43.What type of shock results from severe allergic reaction? A. Cardiogenic B. Anaphylactic C. Hypovolemic D. Neurogenic Anaphylactic shock is mediated by massive histamine release. 44.What does a high BNP level indicate? A. Liver failure B. Dehydration C. Heart failure D. Pulmonary embolism BNP is released in response to ventricular stretch in heart failure.
45.Which of the following is an early sign of hypoxia? A. Cyanosis B. Restlessness C. Bradycardia D. Hypotension Restlessness is an early sign due to decreased oxygen to the brain. 46.Which test confirms tuberculosis infection? A. CBC B. Mantoux skin test C. CT scan D. Bronchoscopy The Mantoux test uses PPD to identify TB exposure. 47.What is the primary cause of acute pancreatitis? A. Trauma B. Infection C. Gallstones and alcohol D. Hyperkalemia Gallstones and alcohol are the most common triggers. 48.What type of immunity results from vaccination? A. Natural active B. Natural passive C. Artificial active D. Artificial passive
