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NUR 3165 Nursing Research final exam
Questions and Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) with Rationales 2025
- What is the primary purpose of nursing research? A. To develop new medications B. To generate knowledge to guide nursing practice C. To increase hospital revenue D. To evaluate physician effectiveness Research helps improve patient care by generating evidence-based knowledge to guide nursing practice.
- What type of research uses numerical data and statistical analysis? A. Qualitative B. Quantitative C. Theoretical D. Historical Quantitative research deals with measurable data and statistical methods.
- Which part of a research article contains the purpose, methods, and results? A. Introduction B. Literature Review C. Abstract
D. Discussion The abstract summarizes key components of the study including purpose, methodology, and findings.
- What is a hypothesis? A. A review of literature B. A predictive statement that can be tested C. A statistical formula D. A measurement tool Hypotheses are testable predictions derived from theory or observations.
- Which level of evidence is considered strongest? A. Expert opinion B. Case reports C. Correlational study D. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials Systematic reviews of RCTs provide high-level, comprehensive evidence.
- What is the term for subjects agreeing to participate in a study? A. Assent B. Informed consent C. Deception D. Permission Informed consent ensures participants understand the study and voluntarily agree to it.
- What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
D. Interval Ordinal data represent ranked categories, such as Likert scales. 11.Which term describes consistency in measurement? A. Validity B. Reliability C. Accuracy D. Significance Reliability refers to the consistency and repeatability of a measurement tool. 12.What is the term for a study’s ability to detect a true relationship? A. Significance B. Power C. Bias D. Control Power reflects a study’s ability to find true effects or relationships. 13.What type of sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance? A. Convenience B. Random sampling C. Purposive D. Snowball Random sampling ensures all individuals have an equal selection probability. 14.What is the independent variable?
A. The measured outcome B. The manipulated factor C. The dependent variable D. The error term It is the variable that is manipulated to observe effects. 15.What is the term for a factor that distorts the true relationship between variables? A. Independent variable B. Hypothesis C. Confounding variable D. Population Confounders influence both the independent and dependent variables, leading to misleading conclusions. 16.What is peer review? A. Asking friends to read your work B. Posting research online C. Evaluation by experts before publication D. Sharing with patients Peer review ensures the quality and credibility of research before it is published. 17.What is triangulation in research? A. A statistical method B. A sampling method C. Use of multiple methods or sources
C. A list of references D. A critique It identifies gaps, trends, and context in existing studies. 22.What does evidence-based practice combine? A. Research only B. Intuition only C. Best research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences D. Doctor’s orders only EBP integrates research, clinician skills, and patient values. 23.What is data saturation? A. When analysis begins B. When all subjects are enrolled C. When no new information emerges D. When results are inconclusive In qualitative research, saturation occurs when further data collection yields no new themes. 24.What type of research focuses on social and cultural meaning? A. Randomized trials B. Longitudinal C. Qualitative D. Meta-analysis Qualitative research explores experiences, meanings, and interpretations. 25.What does internal validity measure?
A. How generalizable the results are B. Consistency of tools C. Accuracy in measuring the relationship between variables D. Cost-effectiveness Internal validity assesses whether the study truly measures what it intends to. 26.What is the goal of a pilot study? A. To publish results B. To test feasibility of a larger study C. To recruit staff D. To survey patients Pilot studies identify potential issues before full-scale research. 27.What is a null hypothesis? A. Prediction of relationship B. Assumes no relationship exists C. Always true D. A qualitative term Null hypothesis assumes no effect or difference exists between variables. 28.What is blinding in research? A. Making data invisible B. Keeping results secret C. Concealing group assignments from participants or researchers D. Randomizing groups Blinding prevents bias by hiding treatment allocations.
D. To measure reliability Control groups allow researchers to compare outcomes and isolate effects of interventions. 33.Which element is essential in qualitative research? A. Large samples B. Participant perspectives C. Random assignment D. Hypothesis testing Qualitative research prioritizes the meaning of experiences from participants' viewpoints. 34.What type of bias occurs when participants behave differently because they know they are being studied? A. Confirmation bias B. Hawthorne effect C. Selection bias D. Attrition bias The Hawthorne effect refers to behavior changes caused by awareness of observation. 35.What does a confidence interval (CI) indicate? A. Margin of error in qualitative data B. Range in which the true population parameter lies C. How many participants dropped out D. Validity score Confidence intervals estimate the reliability of statistical estimates.
36.What does the term "peer-reviewed journal" imply? A. It has colorful graphs B. It is evaluated by experts in the field before publication C. It is only available online D. It has no citations Peer-reviewed journals ensure high standards by using expert evaluation. 37.What is the purpose of coding in qualitative research? A. To encrypt data B. To categorize and interpret patterns in data C. To reduce sample size D. To perform statistics Coding organizes qualitative data into themes and categories. 38.Which study design is best for determining causality? A. Case-control B. Descriptive C. Correlational D. Randomized controlled trial RCTs are the gold standard for determining cause-effect relationships. 39.What does thematic analysis focus on? A. Numbers B. Identifying patterns and themes C. Tables and charts
A. Study of drug effects B. Study of culture and shared behaviors C. Study of statistical differences D. Study using randomization Ethnography investigates cultural practices, values, and behaviors. 44.What is data saturation in qualitative research? A. When hypotheses are proven B. When new data yields no new insights C. When data is quantitative D. When participants withdraw Saturation occurs when no new themes or information emerge from additional data collection. 45.Which variable is measured as the outcome? A. Independent B. Dependent C. Extraneous D. Confounding The dependent variable reflects the effect or outcome of an intervention. 46.What is a Type I error? A. Failing to reject a false null B. Rejecting a true null hypothesis C. Accepting the null D. Correct conclusion
A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected (a false positive). 47.What does an alpha level of 0.05 mean? A. 95% error rate B. 5% chance of Type I error C. No variability allowed D. High statistical power An alpha level of 0.05 means there is a 5% risk of concluding a difference exists when it does not. 48.In research, what is a conceptual framework? A. Research tool B. Randomization plan C. Set of related concepts that guide the study D. Measurement scale Conceptual frameworks provide structure and guidance for the research process. 49.Which of the following is a threat to internal validity? A. Transferability B. Thick description C. History effect D. Triangulation History effect refers to external events that may influence study outcomes, threatening validity. 50.Why is replication important in research?
54.Which of the following would you expect to find in the results section of a research report? A. Research question B. Literature review C. Statistical findings D. Research implications The results section presents analyzed data and findings. 55.What is the purpose of inclusion and exclusion criteria in research? A. To reduce workload B. To speed up analysis C. To define who is eligible to participate D. To randomize groups These criteria ensure appropriate selection of participants. 56.What is transferability in qualitative research? A. Same as generalizability in quantitative research B. Validity measure C. Applicability of findings to other contexts D. Number of participants Transferability refers to the relevance of findings to other settings. 57.What is bracketing in qualitative research? A. Coding variables B. Performing regression C. Setting aside researcher bias
D. Comparing themes Bracketing involves suspending judgment or bias to better understand participants’ perspectives. 58.A statistically significant result means: A. It’s clinically important B. It’s unlikely due to chance C. It’s always generalizable D. The sample was large Statistical significance means the findings likely reflect a real effect, not just chance. 59.What does the discussion section of a research article include? A. Participant demographics B. Interpretation of findings C. Data tables D. Sampling method This section interprets findings and relates them to previous research. 60.In evidence-based nursing, which of the following is the most important factor in clinical decision-making? A. Institutional protocol B. Integration of evidence, expertise, and patient values C. Past traditions D. Physician preference EBP combines research evidence, clinical experience, and patient preferences for best care outcomes.
