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NUR 354 PHARMACOLOGY II EXAMS 1, 2 AND
3 |NEW UPDATE 2025-2026|ALREADY GRADED A+
EXAM 1
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) What are the two primary components of the CNS?
- Brain
- Spinal cord What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?
- Somatic nervous system (controls voluntary movements)
- Autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary responses) What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
- Sympathetic division
- Parasympathetic division
What is the characteristic set of signs and symptoms produced when the sympathetic nervous system is activated? Fight-or-flight response What is the set of signs and symptoms produced when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated? Rest-and-digest response What are effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
- Dilates pupils
- Inhibits salivation
- Accelerates heart rate, contractility
- Dilates bronchioles
- Stimulates release of glucose What are effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
- Constricts pupils
- Stimulates salivation
- Slows heart rate, contractility
- Constricts bronchioles
What is the MOA of donepezil (Aricept)? Increases the amount of acetylcholine (ACh) by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) What is the indication of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)/cholinesterase inhibitors? Alzheimer's disease What is the indication of bethanechol (Urecholine)? Urinary retention What is the MOA of bethanechol (Urecholine)? Binds to cholinergic receptors to produce the rest-and-digest response that relaxes the bladder What is a cholinergic crisis? Symptoms that occur when a patient is given too much cholinergic medication What are symptoms of a cholinergic crisis?
Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gastrointestinal distress Emesis What is the MOA of anticholinergics? Blocks the effect of acetylcholine and causes sympathetic nervous system actions to predominate What is the indication of ipratropium (Atrovent) and tiotropium (Spiriva)?
- Asthma
- COPD What is the indication for scopolamine (Transderm-Scop)?
- Motion sickness
- Adjunct to anesthesia
What is physostigmine used for? Too much atropine (anticholinergic) What is used as a reversal agent in the event that a patient has too much of the effects of an anticholinergic? Physostigmine What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system? Norepinephrine What are other neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine What are the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system called? Adrenergic receptors What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
- Alpha receptors
- Beta receptors What are the subdivisions of alpha receptors and beta receptors?
- Alpha-1/α 1
- Alpha-2/α 2
- Beta-1/β 1
- Beta-2/β 2
- Beta-3/β 3 What are responses of alpha-1/α1 adrenergic agonist receptor?
- Constriction of blood vessels
- Dilation of pupils What is an example of an alpha-1/α1 adrenergic agonist? Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) What is the indication of phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)?
- Hypotension
- Nasal congestion
What is an example of a beta-1/β1 adrenergic agonist? Dobutamine What is the indication of Dobutamine?
- Bradycardia
- Cardiac stimulant (heart failure)
- Shock What is a response of beta-2/β2 adrenergic agonist receptor? Bronchodilation What is an example of a beta-2/β2 adrenergic agonist? Albuterol (Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, VoSpire ER) What is the indication of Albuterol (Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, VoSpire ER)?
- Allergic reactions
- Asthma
- COPD
What is a response of beta-3/β3 adrenergic agonist receptor? Relaxation of the detrusor muscle (wall of the bladder) What is an example of a beta-3/β3 adrenergic agonist? Mirabegron (Myrbetriq) What is the indication of mirabegron (Myrbetriq)? Overactive bladder What causes the effects of norepinephrine to terminate? Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Which adrenergic receptor causes increased contractility? Beta-1/β 1 Which adrenergic receptor causes bronchodilation? Beta-2/β 2
- Hypertension What are examples of beta-1 adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers)?
- Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
- Propanolol ( Inderal, Innopran XL) What is an adverse effect of beta-1 adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers)? Bronchoconstriction What patients should not receive beta-1 adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers)? Patients with respiratory conditions such as asthma or COPD Where is epinephrine produced in the body? Adrenal glands What is pheochromocytoma? A rare, catecholamine-secreting tumor on the adrenal gland that may precipitate life-threatening hypertension
What is the difference between an adrenergic agonist and a sympathetic? These terms are used interchangeably What physiologic reaction would you expect from a sympathomimetic? Fight-or-flight What is th emost common adverse effect of alpha blockers? Orthostatic hypotension What are two indications for phentolamine?
- Infiltration of adrenergic (too much)
- Pheochromocytoma What is the advantage of lidocaine with epinephrine? It stops the bleeding because epinephrine causes vasoconstriction Which adrenergic receptor does clonidine (Minipress) act on?
- Nausea, vomiting
- Orthostatic hypotension What is a contraindication with levodopa-carbidopa? Should be avoided within 2 weeks of therapy with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) What can be given in the case of levodopa-carbidopa toxicity? Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) What drug class does apomorphine (Apokyn) belong to? Dopamine agonists What is the MOA of amantadine (Gocovri)? Causes the release of dopamine What is the MOA of entacapone (Comtan)? Inhibits the body from getting rid of dopamine
What drugs are indicated for Parkinson's disease?
- Levodopa-Carbidopa
- Benztropine (Cogentin)
- Apomorphine (Apokyn)
- Amantadine (Gocovri)
- Entacapone (Comtan) What CAM is sometimes used OTC for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease? Gingko biloba What is the symptom of Alzheimer's disease? Progressive loss of cognitive function What is the primary drug class that is indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease? Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors What are other indications for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
- Glaucoma
What drug is indicated as the first line of treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Galantamine (Razadyne) What is the goal of pharmacotherapeutics in Parkinson's disease? Increase in dopamine level What are the four types of multiple sclerosis (MS)?
- Relapse-remitting (RR)
- Secondary-progressive (SP)
- Progressive-relapsing (PR)
- Primary-progressive What is the most common type of multiple sclerosis (MS)? Relapse-remitting (RR) What drug is indicated as the first line of treatment for multiple sclerosis? Interferon beta
What is the route of administration for interferon beta and glatiramer (Copaxone)?
- IM
- Subcutaneous What is a common side effect of interferon therapy? Flulike symptoms What is an adverse effect of interferon beta and what should the patient avoid?
- Hepatotoxicity
- Avoid alcohol What two classes of medications need to be used with caution in the patient on interferon?
- Chemotherapeutic agents
- Immunosuppressants What is the MOA of glatiramer (Copaxone)? Stops the degeneration of myelin sheaths
