Download Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Review: Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NUR 570 Patho Midterm Exam Latest 2025 EXAM WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
respiratory zone respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli What does the Respiratory Zone do? Allow inhaled oxygen to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for CO Conducting Zone nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles What does conducting zone do? conducts air to respiratory zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air Most common cancer mutation? Acquired What does anticholinergic mean? blockade of muscarinic receptors - This inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle movements and various bodily functions What does dopamine do? influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in your brain to communicate and control movement.
What does messenger RNA do? Transcribes information from the DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm, and then to the ribosome. Single-stranded, intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions for making proteins. What do ribosomes do? Make proteins (protein synthesis) Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic synapses Acetylcholine and nitric oxide Atropine Neurotransmitters Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that is used to inhibit the effects of excessive vagal activation on the heart, which is manifested as sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block. Therefore, atropine can temporarily revert sinus bradycardia to normal sinus rhythm and reverse AV nodal blocks by removing vagal influences. alpha adreneric receptors Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers
- Blocks NE/Epi effects on heart - less Ca++ entry - Decreases force of cardiac contractions
glial support cells similar to astroglia of the brain rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system missense mutation A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. silent mutation A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. nonsense mutation A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. beta cell function
- in the Islet cells of Langerhans - secretes insulin Ribosomes Makes proteins Golgi apparatus A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. gene expression process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function Transcription (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA deoxygenated blood blood that is oxygen-poor cardiac output heart rate x stroke volume amino acids building blocks of proteins DNA and amino acids a type of evidence for evolution; the more DNA and amino acids in common, the more closely related physiologic atrophy
A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. Obstructive Breathing in COPD should be Diaphragmatic breathing exercises that assist in strengthening breathing ability because diaphragm tends to be flat in COPD due to hyperinflation of the lungs. Exhalation should be longer than inhalation and should be done through pursed lips. Though hypercapnia is the respiratory stimulus ultimately leading to chemoreceptor activation, central chemoreceptors use the change in brain tissue pH resulting from the change in PCO2 as their stimulus Nerves capable of regeneration PNS nerves can regeneration - CNS nerves cannot Treachers-Collins Syndrome An autosomal dominant gene disorder that affects first and second arch structures of the zygomatic and mandible. In severe cases, patients will have a fish-like appearance in the face and may have deafness and mental retardation.
