NUR 631/ NUR631 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2025/2026) (VERIFIED
ANSWERS)
What houses all of our genetic information in the cell?
Nucleus
Apoptosis
process of programmed cell death
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NUR 631/ NUR631 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2025/2026) (VERIFIED ANSWERS), Exams of Nursing
What houses all of our genetic information in the cell? Nucleus Apoptosis process of programmed cell deathWhat happens when a cell has impaired metabolism? Increase in waste products. How does water move between ICF and ECF Osmosisdiffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane What happenes during alkalosis Ex. vomiting. body is getting rid of all the H leaving bicarb Diffusion the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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NUR 631/ NUR631 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED (202 5 /202 6 ) (VERIFIED
ANSWERS)
What houses all of our genetic information in the cell? Nucleus Apoptosis process of programmed cell death
What happens when a cell has impaired metabolism? Increase in waste products. How does water move between ICF and ECF Osmosis- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane What happenes during alkalosis Ex. vomiting. body is getting rid of all the H leaving bicarb Diffusion the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Osmosis of water through a selectively permeable membrane Down Syndrome **a condition of intellectual disability (IQ <70)and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome
Wide spaced eyes Flattened face almond eyes short neck small ears,**
Cardiac defects Cognitive Defects How can a mother prevent a child from getting Type 1 DM? Type 1 DM is autoimmune with a heredity component. It cannot be prevented. What genes maintain the cell during wound healing and inflammation. housekeeping gene
active aquired immunity Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes (^) immune as a result of the primary immune response. Artificially acquired active immunity can^ be^ induced^ by^ a^ vaccine,^ a^ substance^ that^ contains the antigen. Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
reaction is a form of immune-mediated reaction in which antibodies are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens. This antibody-mediated response leads to cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues. Antibodies attach the antigens on the cell surface Why do we give Rhogam? used to prevent Rh immunization, a condition in which an individual with Rh-negative blood develops antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive blood.
- Body releases TH1 cells that release natural killer cells, cytokines (inflammation), macrophages. They will attack the epithelial cells of the transplanted organ Exotoxins An (^) exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An (^) exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. (growth)
What type of cells controls fungal infections? T-Lymphocytes and phagocytes help control fungal infections The host immune response to fungal infection occurs in a coordinated way via both innate and adaptive (^) immune cells. Innate effector cells, mainly macrophages, and neutrophils, are the first line of defense (^) against inhaled (^) fungal spores
A student has studied secondary multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS). What substance does the student learn is least likely to stimulate the normal endothelial cells to change to a proinflammatory state? a.Interleukin (IL)- 1 b.IL- 4 c.IL 6 d.Tumor necrosis factor b
What is reperfusion injury? Reperfusion injury , sometimes called ischemia- reperfusion injury (IRI)^ or^ reoxygenation^ injury ,^ is^ the^ tissue^ damage^ caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re- + perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia). Why do we worry about kidney failure in electrical burns in children?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpes virus that's spread through saliva. EBV infection increases the risk of Burkitt lymphoma , some types of (^) Hodgkin's and (^) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and stomach cancer. Risk Factors in childhood that can cause cancer. Ionizing Radiation Chemotherapy Epstein Barr Virus Smoking In what type of cell can histamine be found? histamine is found in nearly all tissues of the body, where it is stored primarily in the granules of tissue mast cells. The blood
cells called basophils also harbour histamine-containing granules. Condition in which the body cannot absorb B-12. Pernicious anemia (per-NISH-us^ uh-NEE-me-uh)^ is^ a^ condition in which the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough vitamin B12.
- Cannot absorb Vitamin B- 12 What is aplastic anemia?
the BCR gene from chromosome 22 ( called the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome.), creating an abnormal fusion gene called BCR-ABL. What genetic mutation causes sickle cell anemia? An abnormal hemoglobin in which valine has replaced glutamic acid causing the hemoglobin to become less soluble under decreasing oxygen concentrations and to polymerize into crystals that distort the red blood cells into a sickle shape. Also called sickle cell hemoglobin
Where is oxytocin released from? posterior pituitary gland What does vasopressin do? Vasopressin selectively raises free water reabsorption through the upregulation of aquaporin-2 water channels in the collecting duct, resulting in (^) blood pressure elevation and vasoconstriction
What does parathyroid hormone regulate?