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NURS 242 Exam 1- Ethics, Leadership, & Management:
Questions & Answers
The psychiatric unit staff is upset about the new charge nurse that just sits in the office all day. One of the staff members informs the clinical manager about the situation. Which statement by the clinical manager indicates a laissez-faire leadership style? a) "I will schedule a meeting to discuss the concerns of the charge nurse" b) "I hired the new charge nurse and she is doing what I told her to do" c) "you and the staff really should take care of this situation on your own" d) "I will talk to the charge nurse about your concerns and get back to you" (Ans- c) "you and the staff really should take care of this situation on your own" Which of the following is a characteristic of a leader? a) always assigned a position of authority b) usually part of a formal organization c) focus on group process, information gathering, and feedback d) focus on decision making and result (Ans- c) focus on group process, information gathering, and feedback
Marilyn is a nursing executive that is worried about her new leadership position. Her mentor informed her of the following leadership flaws? (Select all that apply) a) clear vision b) poor judgment c) resisting new ideas d) failure to develop others e) interpersonal skills (Ans- b) poor judgment c) resisting new ideas d) failure to develop others Nancy is the department manager of a fast paced surgical unit. Her afternoon charge nurse calls her every evening at 6 pm to discuss night time staffing needs. Nancy is demonstrating which of the following leadership flaws? a) not collaborating b) poor judgment c) clear vision and direction d) not developing others (Ans- d) not developing others
The nurse manager asked Sue, RN to work Friday day shift to meet minimum staffing requirements. If Sue agreed to work Friday day shift, she could have next weekend off. The nurse manager is using what characteristic of leadership/management? a) bullying b) favoritism c) trade-off to meet a goal d) avoidance of low staffing form being filed (Ans- c) trade-off to meet a goal Which of the following leadership styles are part of the Full-Range Leadership Model? (select all that apply) a) transformational b) democratic c) transactional d) autocratic e) laissez-faire (Ans- a) transformational c) transactional e) laissez-faire
Hospital leadership seeking Magnet™ status implemented a new governance structure, including a clinical nursing council that governs clinical nursing standards and care for the organization. This is an example of which leadership style? a) Shared leadership b) Transformational leadership c) Democratic leadership d) Autocratic leadership (Ans- c) Democratic leadership *In shared leadership, employees are empowered to make decisions for the organization. In transformational leadership, the leader provides the vision. In democratic leadership, the leader involves the followers in decision making. The leader still makes the final decision. In autocratic leadership, the leader makes all the decisions. What leadership style involves followers in the decision making processes by using a participatory leadership style. They show more concerns about followers than autocratic leaders. It's sseful when the followers are experienced workers, particular when they have professional education and socialization. (Ans- Democratic leadership
b) Leadership in health care is an act reserved only for designated administrators and managers. c) Clinical leaders are needed in every setting to ensure that quality patient care is delivered and that new evidence and research findings are adopted to improve patient care. d) It is important for nurses who aspire to be leaders. (Ans- b) Leadership in health care is an act reserved only for designated administrators and managers. *"Leaders are made, not born" is true because leaders must continuously develop leadership skills. Leadership skills in every setting will improve the quality of patient care. Nursing leaders are vitally important to improve patient care at the bedside. Which of the following statements is true? a) Communication is the least important function of leadership. b) Task leaders will communicate the most effective ways to accomplish the work. c) Autocratic leaders value feedback from their followers. d) Leaders who have little communication with their staff are socioemotional leaders. (Ans- b) Task leaders will communicate the most effective ways to accomplish the work.
*All answers except "Task leaders will communicate the most effective ways to accomplish the work" are false because communication is the most important function of leadership. Autocratic leaders do not seek feedback from their followers, because they make all the decisions. Socio-emotional leaders communicate frequently to gage followers' feelings and emotions. A 28-year-old married woman received word that she is pregnant. Sadly, the patient is not able to carry the pregnancy because she suffers from long QT syndrome, which causes an abnormality of the heart, meaning any rush of adrenaline could prove fatal. The pregnant patient states, "I want to have this baby." The nurse realizes that this is a conflict that involves the which ethical principle? a) utilitarianism. b) justice. c) autonomy. d) veracity. (Ans- a) utilitarianism.
- Utilitarianism is an action or practice is right if it leads to the greatest possible balance of good consequences or to the least possible balance of bad consequences. An attempt is made to determine which actions will lead to the greatest ratio of benefit to harm for all persons involved in the dilemma.
b) Human dignity c) Justice d) Veracity (Ans- b) Human dignity
- Human dignity is the inherent worth and uniqueness of a person. Human rights are the basic rights of each individual.
- Beneficence is defined as promoting goodness, kindness, and charity. In ethical terms, beneficence means to provide benefit to others by promoting their welfare.
- Justice involves upholding moral and legal principles.
- Veracity is truth-telling. A homeless man presents to the ER with hypothermia. He tells the nurse that he is positive for HIV and sought revenge by deliberately having sex with his mate, who does not know of his HIV status. This patient is violating which ethical principle? a) Veracity b) Beneficence c) Nonmaleficence d) Autonomy (Ans- c) Nonmaleficence
- Nonmaleficence means to abstain from injuring others and to help others further their own well-being by removing harm and eliminating threats. The patient is definitely violating this principle through his actions.
- Beneficence is promoting goodness, kindness, and charity.
- Veracity is telling the truth in personal communication.
- Autonomy is the principle of respect for the individual person. This concept maintains that all persons have unconditional intrinsic value. Which ethical term matches this statement: "A problem for which in order to do something right you have to do something wrong"? a) Justice b) Veracity c) Ethical dilemma d) Fidelity (Ans- c) Ethical dilemma
- An ethical dilemma involves a problem for which in order to do something right you have to do something wrong.
- Justice involves upholding moral and legal principles.
- Veracity means telling the truth as a moral and ethical requirement.
- Fidelity is the principle that requires a person to act in ways that are loyal. In the role of a nurse, such action includes keeping promises,
medication was taken away, the consequences were all bad. Dilemmas are not included as a principle of ethics.
- Beneficence is providing benefit to others by promoting their welfare. In general terms, to be beneficent is to promote goodness, kindness, and charity. By taking the patient's pain medication and substituting saline, the nurse did harm, not good, for the patient.
- Veracity is truth-telling. The nurse misled the patient to believe he/she was receiving a dose of pain medication. What leadership style does not interfere with employees and their work. They stand at a distance, given your followers freedom to make decisions and accomplish work, provide minimal information to followers and have a little communication with them about their work, and typically wait until a crisis develops to make decision? *Works best when followers are highly experienced in that work. (Ans- Laissez-Faire Leaders
- Advantages: encourages employee innovation with highly experienced employees; followers are free to make decisions; encourages flexibility; useful when routine familiar
- Disadvantages: little communication and information to followers; often results in employee apathy and chaos; leaders usually waits until crisis occurs; Change doesn't occur/made often
What leadership style is useful when a routine is familiar and works best when followers are highly experienced in that work because it encourages employee innovation & flexibility and followers are free to make decisions BUT often results in employee apathy and chaos? a) democratic b) autocratic c) laissez-faire d) transactional (Ans- c) laissez-faire *it does not interfere with employees and their work. They stand at a distance, given your followers freedom to make decisions and accomplish work, provide minimal information to followers and have a little communication with them about their work, and typically wait until a crisis develops to make decision What leadership style focuses on the daily operations & have an organization to develop an exchange relationship with their followers? It entails rewarding followers when they perform and correcting them when necessary. They focus on getting things done and satisfying their own and their followers self interest. (Ans- Transactional Leaders
- Advantages: develops relationship and rewards with/to follows; focused on mission/vision//goals of organization; task orientation
- Disadvantages: diminishes self motivation; inflexible; limits creativity; known to be insensitive
d) ethical decision making (Ans- b) Ethical sensitivity What enables us to think critically to rank our ethical obligations and priorities? a) ethics b) ethical sensitivity c) ethical reflection and analysis d) ethical decision making (Ans- c) ethical reflection and analysis What is a method for ensuring that the action we take is well reasoned and can be justified? a) ethics b) ethical sensitivity c) ethical reflection and analysis d) ethical decision making (Ans- d) ethical decision making What serves the larger community by providing a strong normative basis for ethical behavior through the legal and regulatory systems. ex: abortion & physician-assisted suicide a) Societal Ethics b) Organizational ethics c) professional ethics
d) bioethics (Ans- a) Societal Ethics *ex: abortion & physician-assisted suicide What involves a set of formal and informal principles and values that guides the behavior , decisions, and actions taken by members of an organization as well as the organizational structures, systems, practices, policies, and procedures developed to ensure ethical operation. a) Societal Ethics b) Organizational ethics c) professional ethics d) bioethics (Ans- b) Organizational ethics *ex: prohibiting the use of contraceptives in catholic facilities What refers to the ethical standards and expectations of a particular profession? Their members are often held to a higher standard in terms of ethics, so ethics becomes a fundamental elements of one's professional identity. a) Societal Ethics b) Organizational ethics c) professional ethics d) bioethics (Ans- c) professional ethics
What ethical principle maintains that human beings have an unconditional moral worth that requires us to treat each individual person with great value, dignity, & respect? Autonomy is an important extension of this principle and suggests a patients ability to express their wishes and make informed choices about their treatment a) respect for persons b) beneficence c) justice d) fidelity (Ans- a) respect for persons (autonomy)
- ex: when a nurse advocates for a patient, they are attempting to protect the patient's autonomy when other factors interfere with the patient's ability to act independently
- ex: patient centered care and informed consent What ethical principle is an obligation to do good by acting in ways that promote the welfare and best interests of others? a) respect for persons b) beneficence c) justice d) fidelity (Ans- b) beneficence
What ethical principle is concerned with treating people equitably, fairly, and appropriately? a) respect for persons b) beneficence c) justice d) fidelity (Ans- c) justice *ex: nurses treats every patient unbiasedly and owe patients care and treatment that does not arbitrarily discriminate against them as an individual or as a member of a class of individuals What ethical principle requires us to act in ways that are loyal? a) respect for persons b) beneficence c) justice d) fidelity (Ans- d) fidelity *ex: keeping your promises, doing what is expected of you, performing your duties, and being trustworthy What enables us to act on our decisions even under the most challenging circumstances?
