Download Nurs 302 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Nurs 302 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions
With Complete Solutions
Cellular atrophy involves: A) an increase in cell size. B) a decrease in cell size. C) an increase in the number of cells. D) a decrease in the number of cells. correct answer: b The process of cellular atrophy is accomplished through which of the following processes? A) Loss of fluid B) Decreased cell division C) Inhibition of enzyme formation D) Formation of autophagic vacuoles correct answer: d In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response to: A) tissue loss. B) decreased hormonal stimulation. C) ischemia. D) puberty. correct answer: a Pathologic hyperplasia can lead to: A) neoplasia (cancer). B) dysplasia. C) metaplasia. D) all of the above. correct answer: d
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the process of: A) atrophy. B) hypertrophy. C) hyperplasia. D) dsyplasia. correct answer: b The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in: A) cell division. B) water accumulation. C) protein synthesis. D) plasma membrane thickness. correct answer: c Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical: A) atrophy. B) dysplasia. C) metaplasia. D) hormonal hyperplasia. correct answer: b Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by: A) another type of cell. B) abnormal cells of the same tissue type. C) scar tissue. D) cancer cells. correct answer: a The most common cause of hypoxic injury is: A) free radicals. B) malnutrition. C) chemical toxicity.
A) Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin. B) Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release. C) Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis. D) Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem. correct answer: b The population group most vulnerable to lead poisoning is: A) children. B) pregnant women. C) male adolescents. D) the elderly. correct answer: a Which of the following organs is most frequently affected by ethanol injury? A) Heart B) Kidneys C) Liver D) Stomach correct answer: c Which of the following molecules accumulates in liver cells as a result of alcohol abuse? A) Water B) Fat (lipids) C) Protein D) Iron correct answer: b Fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can result in: A) low birth weight. B) mental retardation. C) death.
D) all of the above. correct answer: d Why is carbon monoxide exposure a life-threatening condition? A) Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and prevents normal oxygen transport to tissues. B) Inhalation of carbon monoxide interferes with oxygen diffusion in the lungs. C) Carbon monoxide causes the release of toxic amounts of iron from the tissues. D) Carbon dioxide removal from the tissues is inhibited. correct answer: a A contusion injury results in: A) tearing of the skin. B) the removal of superficial skin layers. C) entrance and exit wounds. D) bleeding in the skin or underlying tissues. correct answer: d What are the primary factors contributing to oncosis from hypoxic injury? A) Decrease in ATP production and sodium movement into the cell B) Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus C) Increase in ATP production and potassium movement out of the cell D) Accumulation of lipids and pigments in the cell correct answer: a Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs after severe hypoxic injury to which of the following organs? A) Brain
A) decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure. B) decreased capillary oncotic pressure. C) lymphatic obstruction. D) increased capillary membrane permeability. correct answer: a Symptoms of dehydration include: A) decreased urine output. B) increased skin turgor. C) increased blood pressure. D) edema. correct answer: a What is the purpose of vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability during inflammation? A) To bring white blood cells to the area of injury B) To transport inflammatory chemicals to the area of injury C) To dilute toxins D) All of the above correct answer: d The first cell to react to tissue injury is the: A) macrophage. B) mast cell. C) fibroblast. D) neutrophil correct answer: b Which of the following stimuli are known to induce mast cell degranulation? A) Thermal injury B) The presence of toxins C) Immunologic tissue injury D) All of the above correct answer: d
The process of a phagocyte squeezing through retracted endothelial cells to enter into the tissues is called: A) fusion. B) diapedesis. C) phagocytosis. D) margination. correct answer: b Prior to engulfment of a bacterium during phagocytosis, which of the following events must occur? A) Release of lysosomal enzymes B) Fusion C) Recognition and adherence D) Formation of a phagolysosome correct answer: c In addition to phagocytosis, which of the following functions are also performed by macrophages? A) Release of growth factors and stimulating new blood vessel growth B) Destroying circulating antibodies C) Inhibiting inflammation D) Promotion of blood clotting correct answer: a A monocyte is a circulating white blood cell that transforms into which of the following cells once it enters the tissue during an inflammatory response? A) Neutrophil B) Macrophage C) Mast cell D) Fibroblast correct answer: b
B) interferon. C) interleukin 1. D) nitrous oxide. correct answer: c Which of the following cells plays an active role in collagen deposition during wound contraction and scar tissue formation? A) Mast cell B) Macrophage C) Fibroblast D) Osteocyte correct answer: c If the surface barriers such as the skin or mucus membranes are breached, the second line of defense in innate immunity is the: A) lymph node. B) lymphocyte response. C) inflammatory response. D) memory cells. correct answer: c If a person has innate resistance to a disease, the person has _____ immunity. A) natural B) native C) active acquired D) passive correct answer: a A child fell off the swing and scraped her knee. The injured area becomes red and painful. Which of the following would also occur? A) Vasoconstriction B) Decreased RBC concentration at injured site C) Fluid movement from tissue to vessels
D) Edema at injured site correct answer: d The mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory response through the process of: A) cytokinesis. B) endocytosis. C) degranulation. D) hemolysis. correct answer: c A 13-year-old female fell on her knee while skating. The area became inflamed and sore to touch. Which of the following would result from activation of the plasma system secondary to her injury? A) Mast cell degranulation B) Release of cellular products C) Cellular infiltration D) Pathogenic invasion correct answer: c A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with lobar pneumonia (lung infection). Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration at the site of this advanced inflammatory response? A) Serous B) Purulent C) Hemorrhagic D) Fibrinous correct answer: d In contrast with the inflammatory response, the immune response: A) is more effective at fighting microorganisms. B) is faster.
A) Poison ivy B) Injected medications C) Pollen D) The body's own tissue correct answer: d The condition in which the immune cells attack the individual's own tissues as if they were invaders is called: A) alloimmunity. B) autoimmunity. C) hypersensitivity. D) graft rejection. correct answer: b Immune cells distinguish "self" from "nonself" by recognizing: A) cellular RNA. B) major histocompatibility antigens. C) different types of phospholipids in a cell's membrane. D) "nonself" enzymes secreted by foreign cells. correct answer: b Major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) antigens are found on which of the following cells? A) Red blood cells B) B lymphocytes and macrophages only C) All body cells except for red blood cells D) Liver, heart, and bone marrow cells only correct answer: c Which of the following cells has the capacity to produce antibodies during an immune response? A) Plasma cells B) T cells C) Memory cells
D) Pluripotent cells correct answer: a Which cell ingests microorganisms for the purposes of presenting their antigen to the immune system and activating an immune response? A) Helper T cell B) Mast cell C) Neutrophil D) Macrophage correct answer: d Which cell stimulates both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses? A) Plasma cells B) Cytotoxic T cells C) B lymphocytes D) Helper T cells correct answer: d CD4 receptors that bind to the surface of macrophages and B cells are found on: A) helper T cells. B) cytotoxic T cells. C) plasma cells. D) the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). correct answer: a Which process confers long-lasting immunity against a specific organism? A) Production of memory cells B) Activation of macrophages C) Activation of cytotoxic T cells D) Activation of the inflammatory response correct answer: a
B) IgM C) IgE D) IgA correct answer: d When a person has an allergic reaction to bee stings, which antibody causes the life-threatening hypersensitivity response? A) IgM B) IgA C) IgE D) IgG correct answer: c Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells can destroy infected or cancer cells by which of the following mechanisms? A) Producing toxins B) Stimulating apoptosis C) Producing antibodies D) Both A and B correct answer: d How do natural killer (NK) cells differ from cytotoxic T (Tc) cells? A) NK cells lack antigen-specificity and can target any infected or malignant cell. B) NK cells are phagocytic. C) NK cells can opsonize bacteria and viruses. D) NK cells release toxins that kill the target cell. correct answer: a A 20-year-old female has been diagnosed with AIDS. Laboratory testing would reveal diminished levels of: A) cytotoxic T cells. B) B cells.
C) helper T cells. D) T suppressor cells. correct answer: c A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a large tapeworm. Which of the following cells would be produced in response to this worm? A) Monocytes B) Eosinophils C) Neutrophils D) Natural killer cells correct answer: b When a person has an allergic reaction to a bee sting, which type of hypersensitivity response is occurring? A) Type I B) Type II C) Type III D) Type IV correct answer: a Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by which of the following antibodies? A) IgG B) IgD C) IgM D) IgE correct answer: d The most severe type I hypersensitivity response is: A) eczema. B) allergic rhinitis. C) serous otitis. D) anaphylaxis. correct answer: d
What is the effect of repeated exposure to an allergen in an atopic individual? A) The allergic response gets worse. B) Antibody production is suppressed. C) Antibody formation remains constant. D) Tc cell activity increases significantly. correct answer: a Desensitization therapy improves allergies by which of the following mechanisms? A) Producing antibodies that prevent the allergen from binding to IgE B) Decreasing the amount of IgE in the body C) Decreasing the amount of antigen in the bloodstream D) Decreasing the responsiveness of the bronchi and blood vessels to histamine correct answer: a Which of the following features is characteristic of a type IV hypersensitivity? A) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated toxicity B) Delayed response C) Usually life-threatening D) Mediated by the complement system correct answer: b Type IV hypersensitivities, such as poison ivy reactions, are initiated by: A) B cells that release IgD 24 to 48 hours after exposure. B) the release of neutrophil chemotactic factor. C) the stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. D) the release of large quantities of IgE. correct answer: c
What type of reaction occurs when the body mounts an aggressive response against an organ transplanted from another person? A) Type I hypersensitivity B) Autoimmune C) Alloimmune D) Immunosuppressive correct answer: c Autoimmunity can result from all of the following hypersensitivities except: A) type I. B) type II. C) type III. D) type IV. correct answer: a Manifestations of the autoimmune disease SLE include: A) wheezing, eczema, and itching. B) pulmonary edema, leg swelling, and vein distention. C) arthritic joint pain, pleuritic chest pain, and rash. D) nasal polyps, headache, and rhinorrhea. correct answer: c A person with type O blood has which of the following antigens present on their red blood cells? A) A and B B) Rh C) O D) None of the above correct answer: d Transfusion of A-negative blood to an O-positive individual will have which of the following results? A) Improved red blood cell count
