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NURS 316 Exam #2: Nursing Theories & Research Methods, Exams of Nursing

Victor Valley CollegeNursing

A comprehensive overview of key concepts in nursing theory and research methods, including grand theories, mid-range theories, practice theories, conceptual models, qualitative research approaches, and quantitative research designs. It presents a series of questions and answers covering various aspects of nursing theory and research, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of the subject.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/27/2025

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NURS 316 Exam #2 Questions With
Complete Solutions
theory correct answer: - abstract, conceptual series of true
statements
- account for or explain some phenomenon
grand theories correct answer: - broadest scope
- most abstract
- apply to all nursing activities
- difficult to test, less relevant to EBP
mid-range theories correct answer: - narrower scope
- bridge between grand theories and practice
practice theories correct answer: - most narrow scope
- least abstract
conceptual models correct answer: - less formal attempt to
explain phenomena than theories
- deal with abstractions
qualitative research correct answer: - description research
phenomenological research correct answer: - focuses on the
lived experiences of humans
- main data source is in depth conversations with a small number
of participants who have experienced a phenomena
- descriptive vs. interpretive
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NURS 316 Exam #2 Questions With

Complete Solutions

theory correct answer: - abstract, conceptual series of true statements

  • account for or explain some phenomenon grand theories correct answer: - broadest scope
  • most abstract
  • apply to all nursing activities
  • difficult to test, less relevant to EBP mid-range theories correct answer: - narrower scope
  • bridge between grand theories and practice practice theories correct answer: - most narrow scope
  • least abstract conceptual models correct answer: - less formal attempt to explain phenomena than theories
  • deal with abstractions qualitative research correct answer: - description research phenomenological research correct answer: - focuses on the lived experiences of humans
  • main data source is in depth conversations with a small number of participants who have experienced a phenomena
  • descriptive vs. interpretive

descriptive phenomenology correct answer: - describes human experience

  • narrative data analysis, descriptive themes interviewing skills correct answer: - ask open ended, non- leading questions
  • use appropriate validation statements
  • allow silences interpretive phenomenology correct answer: - not only describes but interprets experience
  • narrative data analysis, interpretive themes grounded theory research correct answer: - seeks to understand key social psychological processes grounded theory analysis correct answer: - focus is on understanding a central concern
  • a basic social process explains how people come to resolve the problem or concern ethnographic research correct answer: - focuses on the patterns and lifeways of a cultural group
  • describes and interprets a culture and cultural behavior *culture guides the way people structure their experiences *emic perspective *participant observation emic perspective correct answer: - an insiders view

methods of qualitative sampling correct answer: - snowball

  • purposive
  • theoretical snowball sampling correct answer: - have participants help recruit other participants purposive sampling correct answer: - research seeks and invites qualified participants theoretical sampling correct answer: - if theory raises questions of whether certain type of person would help elucidate the theory, researcher seeks those participants
  • common in grounded theory research descriptive qualitative studies correct answer: - seek to describe phenomena as they are perceived by the people who experience them
  • understanding themes and patterns mixed methods research correct answer: - integrates qualitative and quantitative data and strategies
  • hypothesis generation and testing
  • theory building and refinement triangulation correct answer: - use of multiple sources to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth
  • contributes to credibility

reflexivity correct answer: - process of reflecting critically on the self, and attending to personal values that could affect data collection and interpretations quantitative research designs correct answer: - experimental

  • quasi-experimental
  • nonexperimental experimental design correct answer: - "randomized control trial"
  • intervention + randomization + control quasi-experimental design correct answer: - intervention but missing either randomization OR control nonexperimental design correct answer: - no intervention
  • observational or descriptive
  • may have random sampling within-subject design correct answer: - same people compared at different times or under different conditions Ex: subjects tested before and after tutorial between subjects design correct answer: - different people are compared Ex: group A vs. group B confounding variables correct answer: - influences one of the variables
  • can cause bias or alter results

biological plausibility correct answer: - causal relationship should be consistent with evidence from basic physiologic studies Ex: tobacco is a carcinogen coherence correct answer: - the evidence about the existence of a relationship should come from multiple sources which design offers the strongest evidence of whether a cause results in an effect? correct answer: - experimental designs posttest-only design correct answer: - outcome data collected only after the intervention

  • R X O pretest-posttest design correct answer: - outcome data collected both at baseline and after the intervention
  • R O X O crossover designs correct answer: - subjects are exposed to 2+ conditions in random order
  • subjects serve as their own control
  • R O O O X O O O factorial design correct answer: - more than one independent variable is experimentally manipulated the experimental condition correct answer: - must be designed with sufficient intensity and duration that effects might reasonably be expected

intervention fidelity correct answer: - whether the treatment was delivered and received as planned

  • making sure all the interventions are the same throughout categories of quasi-experimental designs correct answer: - nonequivalent
  • within-subject nonequivalent control group designs correct answer: - those getting the intervention are compared with a non-randomized comparison group time series designs correct answer: - gather pre-intervention and post-intervention data over longer period correlational designs correct answer: - cause-probing questions for which manipulation is not possible
  • smoking and cancer descriptive-correlational correct answer: - purpose is to describe whether variables are related
  • without ascribing a cause and effect connection cross-sectional design correct answer: - data collected at a single point in time longitudinal design correct answer: - data collected two or more times over an extended period
  • better at showing patterns of change and at clarifying whether a cause occurred before an effect

history threat correct answer: - other events co-occurring with causal factors that could affect outcomes maturation threat correct answer: - processes that result simply from the passage of time mortality threat correct answer: - loss of participants from groups by dropping out for any reason threats to external validity correct answer: - selection bias

  • expectancy effect (Hawthorne effect)
  • enhancing internal validity (sometimes) selection bias correct answer: - the selected sample does not accurately represent target population expectancy effect (Hawthorne effect) correct answer: - participants give you the results they think you want
  • they know they are being observed Ex: subjects in an intervention to reduce domestic violence might be less likely to abuse their partner because they know they are being monitored cons of enhancing internal validity correct answer: - can sometimes decrease external validity by being so specific
  • only including a very specific population
  • makes it hard to generalize to larger population threats to statistical conclusion validity correct answer: - low statistical power
  • IV not powerful
  • low intervention fidelity low statistical power correct answer: - not enough people to see if there was a difference between groups low intervention fidelity correct answer: - implementation of treatment not the same throughout group studies that do not involve an intervention correct answer: - outcomes research
  • surveys
  • secondary analyses
  • methodologic research phases of a full clinical trial correct answer: 1) finalize intervention
  1. seek preliminary evidence of effectiveness - pilot test
  2. test efficacy - randomized clinical trial
  3. determine long term consequences - effectiveness study evaluation research correct answer: - examines how well a specific program or policy is working survey research correct answer: - obtains information via self- reports on the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables in a population types of survey research correct answer: - face to face interviews
  • telephone interviews
  • self administered questionnaires (mailed or internet)

representative sample correct answer: - a sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the target population

  • more easily achieved with probability sampling, homogeneous populations, larger samples probability sampling correct answer: - involves random selection of elements
  • each element has an equal, independent chance of being selected nonprobability sampling correct answer: - does not involve selection of elements at random sampling bias correct answer: - over or under representation of segments of the population
  • not representative sampling error correct answer: - difference between sample values and population values Ex: population mean age = 65.6 years, sample mean age = 52. years types of non-probability sampling correct answer: - convenience sampling
  • snowball sampling
  • quota sampling
  • purposive sampling convenience sampling correct answer: - use of the most conveniently available people
  • most vulnerable to sampling biases quota sampling correct answer: - convenience sampling with specified strata of the population
  • convenience within a specific sub-population consecutive sampling correct answer: - taking all of the people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a specific time interval, or for a specified sample size Ex: take first 20 people who walk out of the building
  • low risk of bias types of probability sampling correct answer: - simple random
  • stratified random
  • cluster sampling
  • systematic sampling simple random sampling correct answer: - using a sampling frame and randomly selecting from it
  • have a list of clients and randomly choose from the list stratified random sampling correct answer: - population is first divided into strata, then people are randomly selected from the strata Ex: put 100 people into each different group (ex - race) then randomly select from those groups cluster sampling correct answer: - successive random sampling of units from larger to smaller units
  • select random states, then random counties, then random zip codes

interview schedule correct answer: - questions are prespecified but asked orally

  • either face to face or by telephone questionnaire correct answer: - questions pre-specified in written form, to be self-administered by respondents cafeteria questions correct answer: - of the following reasons listed why people smoke, pick all that apply to you dichotomous questions correct answer: - yes/no questions scales correct answer: - used to make fine quantitative discriminations among people with different attitudes, perceptions, traits
  • likert
  • semantic differential Likert scales correct answer: - several declarative statements expressing viewpoints
  • responses on an agree/disagree continuum
  • responses to items are summed to a total score visual analog scales correct answer: - used to measure subjective experiences
  • on a straight line
  • end points labeled as extremes response set biases correct answer: - reflects the tendency of people to respond to items in characteristic ways
  • social desirability
  • extreme response
  • acquiescence response
  • nay sayers response social desirability response bias correct answer: - answer how they think they should answer extreme response set bias correct answer: - consistently express extreme feelings acquiescence response set bias correct answer: - tend to always agree nay sayers response set bias correct answer: - tend to always disagree vignettes correct answer: - reactions to little mini stories observational rating scales correct answer: - watching for the occurrence of a certain event in vivo measurement correct answer: - biophysiologic measure
  • performed directly within or on living organism in vitro measurement correct answer: - biophysiologic measure
  • performed outside the organism's body Ex: urinalysis nominal measurement correct answer: - assigning numbers to classify characteristics into categories

validity correct answer: - degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure reliability coefficient correct answer: - measures reliability

  • want >. aspects of reliability that can be evaluated correct answer: - stability
  • internal consistency
  • equivalence stability correct answer: - extent to which scores are similar on two separate administrations of an instrument *test-retest reliability
  • number should be the same pre and post internal consistency correct answer: - extent to which all the items on an instrument are measuring the same attribute
  • want all questions to measure same thing *Cronbach's alpha (want over .70) equivalence correct answer: - degree of similarity between alternative forms of an instrument *interrater reliability reliability principles correct answer: - vary depending on the procedure
  • lower in homogeneous samples
  • lower in shorter scales

*needs to be reliable to be valid but just because it's valid doesn't mean it's valid four aspects of validity correct answer: - face validity

  • content validity
  • criterion related validity
  • construct validity face validity correct answer: - does it appear to be appropriate to measure what you want to measure? content validity correct answer: - degree to which an instrument has an adequate sample of items for the construct being measured
  • does it have everything it needs to have?
  • does it exclude things that aren't important? criterion-related validity correct answer: - degree to which the instrument is related to an external criterion
  • predictive vs. concurrent construct validity correct answer: - how well it's measuring what it's supposed to measure *known groups technique *factor analysis known groups technique correct answer: - testing relationships based on theoretical predictions factor analysis correct answer: - statistical test to determine whether items load on correct single construct