Nursing Research Q & A w/ Rationales, Exams of Nursing

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NURS 33 4

Nursing Research

Q & A w/ Rationales

1. What is the purpose of a literature review in nursing research? (Select one) a) To summarize the current state of knowledge on a topic b) To identify gaps and inconsistencies in previous studies c) To provide a theoretical framework for the research question d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above Rationale: A literature review is a critical analysis of existing literature on a topic, which helps to identify the research problem, justify the research question, and provide a theoretical basis for the study.
2. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research methods in nursing? (Select one) a) Quantitative methods use numerical data and statistical analysis, while qualitative methods use words and thematic analysis b) Quantitative methods test hypotheses and measure outcomes, while qualitative methods explore meanings and experiences c) Quantitative methods are more objective and generalizable, while qualitative methods are more subjective and contextual d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above Rationale: Quantitative and qualitative research methods have different assumptions, approaches, and techniques, which suit different types of research questions and

recruited through referrals from other participants.

5. What are some types of data collection methods used in nursing research? (Select all that apply) a) Surveys b) Interviews c) Observations d) Focus groups e) Experiments Answer: a), b), c), d), e) Rationale: Data collection methods are ways of gathering information from participants or sources, which can be either quantitative (surveys, experiments) or qualitative (interviews, observations, focus groups).
6. What are some types of data analysis methods used in nursing research? (Select all that apply) a) Descriptive statistics b) Inferential statistics c) Content analysis d) Thematic analysis e) Meta-analysis Answer: a), b), c), d), e) Rationale: Data analysis methods are ways of organizing, summarizing, and interpreting data, which can be either quantitative (descriptive, inferential, meta-analysis) or qualitative (content, thematic).
7. What is the difference between reliability and validity in nursing research? (Select one)

a) Reliability is the consistency of a measurement tool or procedure, while validity is the accuracy of a measurement tool or procedure b) Reliability is the degree to which a measurement tool or procedure measures what it intends to measure, while validity is the degree to which a measurement tool or procedure can be generalized to other settings or populations c) Reliability is the extent to which a measurement tool or procedure can be replicated by other researchers, while validity is the extent to which a measurement tool or procedure reflects the true nature of the phenomenon under study d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above Rationale: Reliability and validity are two aspects of quality and rigor in nursing research, which assess the trustworthiness and usefulness of a measurement tool or procedure.

8. What are some types of validity in nursing research? (Select all that apply) a) Internal validity b) External validity c) Construct validity d) Content validity e) Criterion validity Answer: a), b), c), d), e) Rationale: Validity can be classified into different types depending on the aspect of accuracy being evaluated.

is when the researcher describes the characteristics or relationships of variables without manipulating them. Correlational design is when the researcher examines the association between two or more variables without manipulating them. Exploratory design is when the researcher investigates a phenomenon that is not well understood or defined, and generates new insights or hypotheses.

10. What are some types of experimental designs used in nursing research? (Select all that apply) a) Pretest-posttest design b) Posttest-only design c) Crossover design d) Factorial design e) Repeated measures design Answer: a), b), c), d), e) Rationale: Experimental designs can be further classified into different types depending on the number and timing of measurements, the number and combination of groups, and the order and sequence of treatments. Pretest-posttest design is when the researcher measures the dependent variable before and after the intervention in both the experimental and control groups. Posttest-only design is when the researcher measures the dependent variable only after the intervention in both the experimental and control groups. Crossover design is when the researcher assigns participants to receive different treatments in a random order, with a washout period between treatments. Factorial design is when the researcher tests the effects of two or

more independent variables (factors) and their interactions on the dependent variable. Repeated measures design is when the researcher measures the dependent variable multiple times over a period of time in the same group of participants.

11. What are some types of quasi-experimental designs used in nursing research? (Select all that apply) a) Nonequivalent groups design b) Time series design c) Single-subject design d) Pretest-posttest with nonequivalent groups design e) Posttest-only with nonequivalent groups design Answer: a), b), c), d), e) Rationale: Quasi-experimental designs can be further classified into different types depending on the number and equivalence of groups, and the number and timing of measurements. Nonequivalent groups design is when the researcher compares two or more groups that are not randomly assigned. Time series design is when the researcher measures the dependent variable multiple times before and after the intervention in one group. Single- subject design is when the researcher applies an intervention to one or a few participants and measures their responses over time. Pretest-posttest with nonequivalent groups design is when the researcher measures the dependent variable before and after the intervention in two or more non-randomly assigned groups. Posttest-only with nonequivalent groups design is when the researcher measures the dependent variable only after the intervention

c) Partial correlational design d) Regression analysis e) Path analysis Answer: a), b), c), d), e) Rationale: Correlational designs can be further classified into different types depending on the number and relationship of variables being examined. Simple correlational design is when the researcher measures the degree of association between two variables using a correlation coefficient B: Which of the following research designs is most appropriate for investigating the effectiveness of a new pain management intervention in post-operative patients? a. Randomized controlled trial b. Case-control study c. Cohort study d. Cross-sectional study Answer: a. Randomized controlled trial Rationale: A randomized controlled trial is the most rigorous research design for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions, as it allows for controlling confounding variables and establishing causality. What is the primary purpose of a systematic review in nursing research? a. To identify potential research topics

b. To synthesize and appraise evidence from multiple studies c. To collect primary data d. To conduct preliminary investigations Answer: b. To synthesize and appraise evidence from multiple studies Rationale: Systematic reviews are crucial in nursing research as they provide a comprehensive summary of existing evidence, helping to inform clinical practice and policy decisions. When conducting qualitative research in nursing, which data collection method is commonly used to obtain in- depth insights into individuals' experiences? a. Surveys b. Experiments c. Interviews d. Observational studies Answer: c. Interviews Rationale: Interviews allow researchers to explore participants' perspectives, emotions, and experiences in depth, making them valuable for qualitative research in nursing. Which statistical test is most appropriate for determining the association between two categorical variables in nursing research? a. T-test b. ANOVA c. Chi-square test

sample. Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of obtaining voluntary, informed consent from research participants in nursing studies? a. Nonmaleficence b. Beneficence c. Autonomy d. Justice Answer: c. Autonomy Rationale: Respecting participants' autonomy by obtaining informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in nursing research, upholding their right to self- determination. What is the key purpose of conducting a pilot study in nursing research? a. To test the statistical power of the study b. To identify potential confounding variables c. To assess the feasibility of the research protocol d. To generate conclusive evidence for the research question Answer: c. To assess the feasibility of the research protocol Rationale: Pilot studies help researchers evaluate the practicality and potential challenges of implementing the research protocol before conducting the main study. Which type of research question is most appropriate for a qualitative study exploring the experiences of caregivers

for patients with dementia? a. What is the prevalence of caregiver burden in dementia patients? b. How does caregiver stress impact the quality of patient care? c. What are the lived experiences of caregivers for dementia patients? d. What interventions are most effective in reducing caregiver burnout? Answer: c. What are the lived experiences of caregivers for dementia patients? Rationale: Qualitative research aims to explore individuals' subjective experiences and perspectives, making it suitable for investigating the lived experiences of caregivers in this context. In the context of nursing research, which type of bias refers to the influence of prior knowledge or expectations on the interpretation of study results? a. Selection bias b. Recall bias c. Confirmation bias d. Observer bias Answer: c. Confirmation bias Rationale: Confirmation bias can lead researchers to interpret findings in a way that confirms their preconceived beliefs, potentially distorting the study results. When conducting a literature review for a research proposal, what is the primary purpose of critically

d. To test the effectiveness of a new healthcare intervention Answer: c. To systematically synthesize and analyze data from multiple studies Rationale: Meta-analysis allows researchers to quantitatively combine and analyze data from multiple studies, providing a comprehensive summary of the evidence on a specific topic. When assessing the reliability of a research instrument, which statistical measure is most commonly used to evaluate the consistency of its items or questions? a. Mean b. Standard deviation c. Cronbach's alpha d. Correlation coefficient Answer: c. Cronbach's alpha Rationale: Cronbach's alpha is a widely used measure of internal consistency, assessing how closely related a set of items are as a group, making it suitable for evaluating the reliability of research instruments. What ethical consideration should researchers prioritize when disseminating research findings in nursing? a. Protecting participant confidentiality b. Emphasizing the novelty of the findings c. Ensuring the promotion of the researchers' careers d. Maximizing the commercial potential of the findings Answer: a. Protecting participant confidentiality Rationale: Safeguarding participant confidentiality is

paramount in nursing research, respecting their privacy and upholding ethical standards in dissemination. C:

1. Which of the following best describes the purpose of nursing research? a) To improve patient outcomes and quality of care b) To develop innovative nursing theories c) To establish nursing as a scientific discipline d) To train nurses in research methodologies Answer: a) To improve patient outcomes and quality of care Rationale: The primary objective of nursing research is to generate evidence-based knowledge that can enhance patient outcomes and improve the quality of care delivered.
2. When conducting a literature review for a nursing research study, which of the following is the most important reason for reviewing existing studies? a) To identify gaps in current nursing knowledge b) To support research findings with already published evidence c) To increase the credibility of the study's author d) To save time by not repeating previously conducted studies Answer: a) To identify gaps in current nursing knowledge

population into smaller, homogeneous groups and then selects a random sample from each group. This technique ensures representation from different clinical settings and reduces bias.

5. Which ethical principle is violated when research participants are not fully informed about the purpose, risks, and benefits of a study? a) Autonomy b) Beneficence c) Non-maleficence d) Justice Answer: a) Autonomy Rationale: Autonomy refers to an individual's right to make informed decisions about participation in research. Failing to provide participants with complete information violates their autonomy.
6. In research terminology, what does the acronym IRB stand for? a) Institutional Review Board b) Internal Research Board c) Investigative Review Board d) International Research Bureau Answer: a) Institutional Review Board Rationale: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee responsible for reviewing and approving research involving human subjects to ensure ethical

principles and participants' rights are protected.

7. What statistical test would be most appropriate to determine whether the difference in mean blood pressure readings between two groups of patients is statistically significant? a) Chi-square test b) T-test c) ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) d) Correlation coefficient Answer: b) T-test Rationale: The t-test is used to compare means between two groups and determine if the difference is statistically significant. In this case, it would be appropriate to assess the significance of the difference in mean blood pressure readings.
8. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe the average age of a sample of newborn infants? a) Mean b) Median c) Mode d) Range Answer: a) Mean Rationale: The mean is the most appropriate measure of central tendency to describe the average age of a sample since it takes into consideration all the individual values in the dataset.