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NURS 5315: ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1 LATEST
UPDATED 2025
"Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another
type for survival P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia"
"Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death. C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy"
"Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will
overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"
"Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER Liver and germ cell tumors"
"Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors"
"Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER prostate tumors"
"Carcino- - CORRECT ANSWER from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma"
"Sarco- - CORRECT ANSWER from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma"
"Carcinoma in situ - CORRECT ANSWER preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous cells- cervix"
"Lung ca metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple organs including brain"
"Colorectal ca metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Liver, lungs"
"Testicular ca metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Liver, lungs, brain"
"Prostate ca metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver"
"Head and neck ca metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Liver, bones, lymphatics"
"Ovarian ca metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum,
liver"
"Sarcoma metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Lungs"
"Melanoma metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI
tract"
"Mechanisms of ca metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER Local invasion, followed by invasion of
surrounding tissues. Cells then may invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation, then enter and survive in a new location. Then the cells can multiply and form a new tumor."
"TNM staging system - CORRECT ANSWER T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic
ability N= whether lymph nodes are involved M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs)"
"Intravascular fluid compartment - CORRECT ANSWER In venous system- 20%"
"Osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER The measure of solute concentration in a fluid.
280-295 mOsm"
"Interstitial fluid compartment - CORRECT ANSWER Surrounds the cells and bathes them in
nutrients- 20%"
"Intracellular fluid compartment - CORRECT ANSWER Within the cells- 40% uk"
"Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER Passive- the movement of water from an area of low
concentration of solute to one of higher concentration"
"Osmotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER Pulling- the amount of pressure or force that is
exerted by solute molecules of a given compartment"
"Exercise effect on K+ - CORRECT ANSWER cellular ATP is diminished, opening K+ channels
and allowing K+ to leave cell"
"Kidneys effect on K+ - CORRECT ANSWER excretion and absorption of K+ is regulated by
tubule system"
"magnesium and potassium - CORRECT ANSWER mag inhibits the potassium channels,
keeping balance. when mag is low, more K+ exits the call, and is excreted via the kidneys."
"metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER E. increased acid production, loss of bicarb,
diminished renal excretion of hydrogen C.M hyperventilation (compensatory), h/a, n/v/d, dehydration, hypotension pH <7.4 HCO3 <22"
"metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER E. GI loss, diuretic use
C.M. slow, shallow respirations, irritability, twitching, s/s of hypokalemia pH >7.4 HCO3 >26"
"respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER E. cns depression, airway abnormalities
C.M. restless, confused, seizures, tachycardia pH <7.4 PaCO2 >44"
"respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER E. usually anxiety, PE, chf, salicylate OD, illegal
drugs C.M. light-headed, confused, tetany pH >7.4 PaCO2 <38"
"Allele - CORRECT ANSWER Paired genes on autosomal chromosomes"
"Locus - CORRECT ANSWER Position in which a gene occupies on a chromosome"
"Phenotype - CORRECT ANSWER Outward appearance of an individual"
"Genotype - CORRECT ANSWER A map of ones specific genes"
"Polymorphic - CORRECT ANSWER Two or more alleles which occur with an appreciable
frequency in a population"
"Homozygous - CORRECT ANSWER Two dominant or recessive alleles"
"Heterozygous - CORRECT ANSWER When both a dominant and a recessive allele are
present"
"Dominant - CORRECT ANSWER Trait seen in phenotype"
"Recessive - CORRECT ANSWER Trait not seen in phenotype"
"Codominance - CORRECT ANSWER Both alleles exhibit (blood type AB)"
"Carrier - CORRECT ANSWER Person who has a diseased gene but is phenotypically normal"
"Autosomal chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER first 22 of 23 chromosomes"
"sex-linked chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER 23rd pair of chromosomes"
"LDH - CORRECT ANSWER - muscle cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain secrete what
enzyme"
"AST enzymes are found where? - CORRECT ANSWER - liver cells (s)"
"ALT enzymes are found where? - CORRECT ANSWER - liver cells (L enzyme)"
"Troponin enzymes are found where? - CORRECT ANSWER - cardiac cells"
"Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER spectrum of cell changes after the cell dies"
"Infarct - CORRECT ANSWER necrosis which results from sudden insufficiency of arterial
blood flow"
"5 Types of Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous"
"Coagulative - CORRECT ANSWER occurs in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands most
commonly secondary to hypoxia (caused by protein denaturation, tissue firm and slightly swollen)"
"Liquefactive - CORRECT ANSWER nerve cell necrosis"
"Sarco- (prefix) - CORRECT ANSWER connective tissue (muscle and bone tissue)
malignant cancers of the skeletal muscle are known as rhabdomyosarcomas"
"gilomas - CORRECT ANSWER tissue of the brain and spinal cord"
"adeno (prefix) - CORRECT ANSWER arise from ductal or glandular structures"
"Carcinoma in Situ - CORRECT ANSWER -preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous cell origin -# of sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus and bronchus in breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) fills the mammary ducts but has not progressed to local tissue invasion"
"anaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER absence of differentiation"
"-blastoma (suffix) - CORRECT ANSWER originates from precursor cells or blasts (immature
or embryonic tissue). Ex: children, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma"
"Lung Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER multiple organs, including brain"
"Colorectal Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER liver, lungs"
"Testicular Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER lungs, liver, brain"
"Prostate Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER bones (especially lumbar spine), liver"
"Head and Neck Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER lymphatics, liver, bones"
"Ovarian Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum,
liver"
"Sarcoma Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER lungs"
"Melanoma Sites of Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER in transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain,
GI tract"
"Local invasion: - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer cells invade nearby normal tissue."
"Intravasation: - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer cells invade and move through the walls of
nearby lymph vessels or blood vessels."
"Circulation: - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer cells move through the lymphatic system and the
bloodstream to other parts of the body."
"Arrest and extravasation: - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer cells stop moving, in small blood
vessels called capillaries at a distant location. They then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into the surrounding tissue"
"Proliferation: - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer cells multiply at the distant location to form
small tumors known as micrometastases."
"Angiogenesis: - CORRECT ANSWER Micrometastases stimulate the growth of new blood
vessels to obtain a blood supply. A blood supply is needed to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for continued tumor growth."
"T: - CORRECT ANSWER size or direct extent of the primary tumor"
"Tx: - CORRECT ANSWER tumor cannot be evaluated"
"Tis: - CORRECT ANSWER carcinoma in situ"
"T0: - CORRECT ANSWER no signs of tumor"
"T1, T2, T3, T4: - CORRECT ANSWER size and/or extension of the primary tumor"
"N: - CORRECT ANSWER degree of spread to regional lymph nodes"
"Nx: - CORRECT ANSWER lymph nodes cannot be evaluated"
"N0: - CORRECT ANSWER tumor cells absent from regional lymph nodes"
"N1: - CORRECT ANSWER regional lymph node metastasis present; (at some sites: tumor
spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes)"
"N2: - CORRECT ANSWER tumor spread to an extent between N1 and N3 (N2 is not used at all
sites)"
"N3: - CORRECT ANSWER tumor spread to more distant or numerous regional lymph nodes"
Bicarb <22" "Metabolic acid
Compensated - CORRECT ANSWER pH <7.
Paco2< Bicarb <22" "Metabolic alk
Uncompensated - CORRECT ANSWER pH >7.
Paco2 normal Bicarb >26" "Metabolic alk
Compensated - CORRECT ANSWER pH normal
Paco2 > Bicarb >26" "A pathological immune response to an antigen which causes tissue and cellular damage to the
host - CORRECT ANSWER What is a hypersensitivity?"
"It implies an intolerance of our immune system to our own (endogenous) antigens - CORRECT
ANSWER What does autoimmunity imply?"
"Implies the formation of antibodies to foreign antigens (exogenous antigens) - CORRECT
ANSWER What does alloimmunity imply?"
"The pathologic consequence of autoimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER What is an
Autoimmune Disease?"
"A pathogen which triggers the immune response - CORRECT ANSWER What often
precipitates autoimmune disease?"
"It then turns against our own antigens - CORRECT ANSWER What happens to the immune
response that was initiated against the pathogen?"
"The pathologic consequence of alloimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER What is alloimmune
disease?"
"An immediate hypersensitivity response to an environmental allergen - CORRECT ANSWER
What it Type I hypersensitivity?"
"Binding of IgG and IgM to an antigen on the plasma membrane - CORRECT ANSWER What
does Type II Hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?" "It activates complement and it forms the membrane attack complex (MAC) which causes cell
lysis - CORRECT ANSWER What does the binding of IgG and IgM do?"
"IgG and C3b may also bind to the antigen and the macrophages and trigger cell lysis through
phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER What else may IgG bind to and what does this do?"
"Neutrophils to the tissues - CORRECT ANSWER What do IgG and complement attract?"
"Neutrophils perform phagocytosis and release granules which cause tissue damage -
CORRECT ANSWER What do the neutrophils do in Type II hypersensitivities?"
"They recognize the target cell antigen and release a toxic substance to destroy the target cell -
CORRECT ANSWER What do NK cells do in Type II hypersensitivities?"
"They react with the target cell's receptors and prevent the cell from interacting with normal
ligands, replaces the ligand, destroys the receptor or inappropriately stimulates the receptor. -
CORRECT ANSWER What do antibodies do in Type II hypersensitivities?"
"ABO incompatibilty and Rh incompatibility - CORRECT ANSWER What are some examples
of Type II hypersensitivities?"
"A, B, AB, O - CORRECT ANSWER What are the 4 blood types?"
"A antigen - CORRECT ANSWER A person with Type A blood has what antigen?"
"B - CORRECT ANSWER A person with Type A blood has what antibodies?"
"B antigen - CORRECT ANSWER A person with Type B blood has what antigen?"
"A - CORRECT ANSWER A person with Type B blood has what antibodies?"
"AB - CORRECT ANSWER A person with Type AB blood has what antigens?"
"None - CORRECT ANSWER A person with Type AB blood has what antibodies?"
"None - CORRECT ANSWER A person with Type O blood has what antigen?"
"Once the complex is formed, they are deposited in vessel walls or extravascular tissue and trigger
an immune and inflammatory response - CORRECT ANSWER What happens once the
antigen-antibody complex is formed in Type III hypersensitivities?"
"It causes cellular and tissue damage - CORRECT ANSWER What does the immune and
inflammatory response of Type III hypersensitivities cause?"
"They are both IgG and IgM mediated responses. - CORRECT ANSWER How is Type III
hypersensitivity similar to Type II hypersensitivity?" "Type III is not specific to a cell or tissue. The antigen antibody complexes are spread via
circulation throughout the body and generate a more diffuse reaction. - CORRECT ANSWER
How is Type III hypersensitivity different from Type II hypersensitivity?" "It is a T-cell mediated reaction that occurs 11-14 days after first exposure and 5-6 days after the second exposure. This results in mononuclear infiltration, decreased circulation and tissue
necrosis. - CORRECT ANSWER What is a solid organ transplant rejection?"
"Fluid Compartments - CORRECT ANSWER Intravascular, interstitial, intracellular"
"Intravascular - CORRECT ANSWER - Extracellular fluid (ECF) that is within the blood
vessels
- blood plasma
- 5% of total body water"
"Intravascular pattern of fluid shift - CORRECT ANSWER -Water moves between plasma and
interstitial space by osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, occur across the capillary membrane -The major forces for filtration are within the capillary."
"Interstitial - CORRECT ANSWER - ECF, Fluid surround the tissue cells
"Interstitial pattern of fluid shift - CORRECT ANSWER hydrostatic pressure promotes the
movement of about 10% of fluid along with small amount of protein into lymphatics which eventually returns to the circulation"
"- Intracellular fluid (ICF) - CORRECT ANSWER - Fluid inside the cell
"Intracellular pattern of fluid shift - CORRECT ANSWER Water moves between ICF and ECF
compartment by osmosis"
"Capillary hydrostatic pressure (BP) - CORRECT ANSWER facilitates the outward movement
of water from the capillary to the interstitial space"
"Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER osmotically attracts water from
the interstitial space back into the capillary"
"Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER facilitates the inward movement of
water from the interstitial space into the capillary"
"Interstitial oncotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER osomotically attracts water from the
capillary into the interstitial space"
"Starling hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER fluid shift through capillary wall is know as
Net Filtration= forces favoring filtration- forces opposing filtration"
"Osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER - The measure of solute concentration in a solution
(basically the concentration of plasma) aka Tonicity"
"Osmotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER amount of pressure of force that is exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment -pulling passive force"
"plasma osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER 280-295 mOsm/kg"
"- Na - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for osmotic balance of ECF space"
"- K - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for osmotic balance of ICF space"
"Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER Movement of water b/w compartments from an area of low
concentration of solutes to an area of high"
"Osmotic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of pressure or force exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment"
"Hydrostatic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER It is a force within a fluid compartment (the
mechanical force of fluid against the walls of the compartment, ex: BP)"
"Natriuretic Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER It decreases blood volume by promoting urine
excretion of sodium and water (opposite of RAAS)"
"Natriuretic peptides - CORRECT ANSWER Have been found to be useful markers in
differentiating patients presenting with acute onset of breathlessness and also as prognostic markers in patients with congestive cardiac failure."
"Fluid Volume Deficit Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER Trauma, dehydration, increased output,
decreased intake, burn, sepsis, DKA, gastroenteritis, diabetes insipidus"
"Fluid Volume Deficit S/S - CORRECT ANSWER Hypotension, decreased skin turgor, dry
mucous membrane, sudden weight loss, weak, rapid pulse, change in mental status, decreased urine output, hypovolemic shock."
"Fluid Volume Deficit Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER Results from loss of body fluids
from ICF and ECF"
"Fluid Volume Excess - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when fluid intake of fluid retention
exceeds the bodies fluid needs"
"Fluid Volume Excess Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER CHF, Hepatic failure, renal failure, low
protein sources, nephrotic syndrome, corticosteroids, liver cirrhosis"
"Fluid Volume Excess Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER It is due to shifts in fluid from
interstium to plasma, reduce excretion of sodium and water, excessive retention of sodium and water from chronic renal stimuli."
"Fluid Volume Excess - CORRECT ANSWER S/S edema, tightness of the skin, puffiness of
eyes, rales"
"Edema Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER Sitting or standing in one position, DVT, steroid drugs,
CHF, Kidney disease, cirrhosis,"
"Edema - CORRECT ANSWER S/S Swelling or puffiness of tissue, shiny skin, increased
abdominal size, dyspnea, SOB, chest pain"
"Edema - CORRECT ANSWER Excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space"
"Hydrostatic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER It facilitates the outward movement of water
from the vascular space to the interstitial space. It is determined by blood pressure and blood
volume - in Edema, hydrostatic pressure is increased due to a venous obstruction or retention of Na"
"Oncotic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER It osmotically attracts water from the interstitial
space back into the capillary - in Edema, oncotic pressure is decreased due to a loss or diminished production of albumin"
"renal tubular system - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for absorption and excretion of Na"
"Sodium Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER - Regulated by ADH, hypothalamus, RAAS, Kidneys"
"Euvolemic Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER Typically caused by diabetes insipidus"
"Euvolemic Hypernatremia Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER When total water loss is equal
from all parts of the body, not just from the intravascular space"
"Hypovolemic Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER Result of sodium and water loss. Water
loss is usually greater than the sodium loss Volume depletion"
"Hypovolemic Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER uncommon but occurs most commonly
from the administration of hypertonic sodium salts"
"Hypovolemic Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER s/s overload, hypertension, edema, CHF,
pulmonary edema. In infants this is due to erroneous preparation of dietary formula and in outpatient adults the ingestion of concentrated salt solutions"
"Hypervolemic Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER Uncommon, but may occur when
hypertonic saline salts is administered"
"Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER most common electrolyte imbalance in hospital
3 types: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic (euvolemic, hypovolemic, hypervolemic) Mild (126-130): anorexia, apathy, restlessness, nausea, lethargy, muscle cramps Moderate (120-125): agitation, disorientation, headache Severe (<120): seizure, coma, a reflex is, incontinence, death"
E: Causes decreased cell permeability to Na+, causing the threshold potential to become more positive and further from the membrane potential, meaning more stimulus is required to initiate an action potential. Causes: hyperparathyroidism and at times cancer of the bone resulting from breast cancer, lymphoma or myeloma CM: polyuria, renal stones, nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, fatigue, confusion, coma, hyporeflexia, lethargy, encephalopathy, a shortened QT segment and depressed, widened T waves on EKG."
"Osmolar gap - CORRECT ANSWER Measured should be slightly greater than calculated
If >10, then other solutes present If >50, then fatal"
"metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER ph < 7.4 and HCO3 < 21
E: Increased H+ load - Decreased H+ excretion - Uremia, distal renal tubule acidosis; Concentration of non-carbonic acids increases or bicarbonate is lost from ECF or cannot be regenerated by the kidneys. Causes: ketoacidosis (DM, starvation), Lactic acidosis (shock-hypoxemia), ingestions ((high osmolar gaps) (ammonium Cl-, ethylene glycol, methanol, salicylates, paraldehyde); HCO3 loss - Diarrhea, renal failure, proximal renal tubule acidosis CM: Decreased myocardial contractility, decreased cardiac output, catecholamine resistant hypotension, hyperkalemia; Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts right."
"Ca++ bound to albumin decreases leading to an increase in ionized Ca++. - CORRECT
ANSWER Review the anion gap - if high, it's most likely from lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, or
renal failure. Normal anion gap (hyperchloremic acidosis) usually from diarrhea, saline administration in large volumes, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors, or trimethoprim."
"Metabolic Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER ph > 7.4 and HCO3 >
E: loss of hydrochloric acid, normally H+ serves as a trigger for the pancreas to produce HCO which it gets from the blood, if H+ is lost, the pancreas doesn't remove HCO3 from the blood, causing a build up of HCO3 and alkalosis; Occurs when bicarbonate concentration is increased, usually due to a decrease in acid. Causes: Diuretics (promote H+ loss leading to NA+ and HCO3 reabsorption, the build up leads to alkalosis). Can also be from diarrhea or laxative abuse or vomiting or gastric suctioning, hyperaldosteronism, diuretics,
CM: Hypokalemia symptoms, hypocalcemia symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, hypoventilation; Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts left."
"Respiratory Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER ph < 7.4 and Pco2 >
E: Restoration of adequate alveolar ventilation removes excess CO2. Alveolar hypoventilation, CO2 is retained (hypercapnia)m increasing H+ and producing acidosis. Cyanosis does not occur unless there is hypoxemia, skin may be pink from vasodilation from the elevated CO2 level. Causes: Respiratory depression (brainstem trauma, over sedation), paralysis of respiratory muscles (Guillain-Barre, polio, ALS, MS), airway obstruction, disorders of lung parenchyma (ARDS, COPD, PE, pneumonia) CM: Headache, lethargy, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, coma."
"Respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER ph > 7.4 and Pco2 < 35
E: Alveolar hyperventilation and decreased concentration of plasma CO2 (hypocapnia) Must identify underlying disturbance Causes: Hypoxemia (PE, CHF, high altitude), fever, gram negative sepsis, severe anemia, hyperventilation, hepatic failure, salicylate OD, catecholamines, nicotine, progesterone, mechanical ventilation CM: Dizziness, confusion, paresthesias, seizures, coma."
"Hypoxic Injury - CORRECT ANSWER Etiology:decreased O2,loss of Hgb or Hgb function,
decreased RBC production, disease of heart/lungs, ischemia Clinical Manifestations: ischemia which progresses to hypoxia. Intracellular enzymes as follows: CK-most muscle cells, including heart,LDH- muscle cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain,AST- liver cells,ALT- liver cells Troponin- cardiac cells Patho: lack of O2 causes decrease in mitochondrial function, causing decrease ATP production and increases anaerobic metabolism (generating ATP from glycogen), eventually anaerobic metabolism will stop and the cell will die. Reduction of ATP impairs Na/K pump, leads to increased Na/Ca in cell, K is diffused out of cell, water diffuses into cell causing swelling, ribosomal dilation and malfunction occur. Ribosomes produces protein and when it malfunctions causes decrease in protein synthesis. Death will occur if injury is not stopped."
"Free Radical and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - CORRECT ANSWER Etiology:Free
Radical- have unpaired electron in its outer shell, making molecule unstable and highly reactive. aka being oxidized ROS-byproduct of ATP production in the mitochondria Clinical Manif: FR- to stabilize self, it will steal an electron from another molecule or give up an electron. The free radical will often steal an electron from another molecule, making that molecule a free radical ROS- can overwhelm mitochondria and exhaust intracellular antioxidants, causing cell injury/disease Patho: ROS are produced by absorption of high energy sources such as radiation
