Download NURS 5315 (NURS5315) Adv Patho Exam 2 Set 1 All questions with accurate detailed answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NURS |! 5315 |! (NURS5315) |! Adv |! Patho |! Exam |!
2 |! Set |! 1 |! All |! questions |! with |! accurate |!
detailed |! answers
First |! 5 |! steps |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! mast |! cell |! degranulation
- |! activation |! of |! coagulation |! cascade
- |! activation |! of |! kinin |! cascade
- |! release |! of |! chemotactic |! factors 5.Activation |! of |! the |! complement |! cascade Role/function |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process: |! Complement |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Form |! the |! membrane |! attack |! complex |! bacterial |! lysis vasodilation Increased |! vascular |! permeability triggers |! mast |! cell |! degranulation chemotaxis opsonization |! - |! opsonins |! tag |! foreign |! pathogens |! for |! elimination |! by |! phagocytes
Role/function |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process: |! kinin |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔turned |! into |! bradykinin |! which |! is |! responsible |! for |! pain, |! chemotaxis |! and |! Increased |! vascular |! permeability |! and |! vasodilation Role/function |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process: |! Coagulation |! cascade |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔plays |! role |! in |! activating |! the |! kinin |! system Factor |! XII |! (Hagemon |! factor) |! activates |! kinin |! and |! forms |! a |! fibrin |! mesh |! to |! stop |! bleeding |! and |! trap |! microorganisms Role/function |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process: |! chemotactic |! factors |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔once |! released |! attract |! neutrophils, |! eosinophils |! and |! monocytes |! for |! phagocytosis Role/function |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process: |! Neutrophils |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔show |! up |! at |! the |! site |! of |! injury |! in |! 6-8 |! hours Neutrophils |! express |! and |! release |! cytokines, |! which |! in |! turn |! amplify |! inflammatory |! reactions |! by |! several |! other |! cell |! types. |! In |! addition |! to |! recruiting |! and |! activating |! other |! cells |! of |! the |! immune |! system, |! neutrophils |! play |! a |! key |! role |! in |! the |! front-line |! defense |! against |! invading |! pathogens. Role/function |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process: |! monocytes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Show |! up |! in |! 1-7 |! days become |! macrophages present |! antigens |! to |! the |! CD4 |! cell |! which |! leads |! to |! Tcell |! immunity |! which |! leads |! to |! B |! cell |! immunity Releases |! IL1, |! IL6, |! TNF |! and |! growth |! factors
produced |! by |! the |! arachidonic |! pathway cause |! vasodilation, |! platelet |! aggregation, |! pain |! and |! fever Role/function |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process: |! platelet-activating |! factor |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔derived |! from |! fatty |! acids |! in |! the |! plasma |! membrane produced |! by |! neutrophils, |! monocytes, |! endothelial |! and |! platelets cause |! endothelial |! cell |! retraction, |! increases |! vascular |! permeability, |! activates |! platelets, |! enhances |! leukocyte |! adhesion |! to |! endothelial |! cell Steps |! in |! the |! arachidonic |! acid |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Linoleic |! acid |! plus |! phospholipase |! A2 |! make |! arachidonic |! acid |! (AA) AA |! plus |! COX1 |! or |! COX |! 2 |! make |! Prostaglandins Prostaglandins |! from |! COX1 |! maintain |! homeostasis gastric |! mucosa platelet |! aggregation fluid/electrolyte |! imbalance Prostaglandins |! from |! COX2 |! assist |! in |! the |! inflammatory |! process |! via |! pain, |! fever help |! with |! homeostasis |! via |! renal |! function tissue |! repair reproduction |! development Function |! of |! arachidonic |! acid |! pathway |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! arachidonic |! pathway |! is |! the |! biochemical |! process |! responsible |! for |! the |! synthesis |! of |! prostaglandins |! (See |! concept |! map).
It |! is |! made |! from |! linoleic |! acid |! which |! is |! part |! of |! the |! phospholipid |! cell |! membrane. COX2 |! note |! of |! caution |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔While |! COX2 |! inhibitors |! block |! the |! inflammatory |! function |! of |! prostaglandins, |! they |! can |! also |! impair |! renal |! function. NSAIDS |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inhibit |! both |! COX1 |! and |! COX2 |! prostaglandin |! synthesis Risk: |! gastric |! ulcerations, |! GI |! bleeds, |! bleeding, |! edema, |! renal |! impairment Aspirin |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔blocks |! both |! COX1 |! and |! COX also |! inhibits |! Thromboxane |! A2 |! and |! prostaglandins Corticosteroids |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔inhibit |! the |! action |! of |! phospholipase |! A2 |! thus |! preventing |! the |! formation |! of |! prostaglandins, |! thromboxane |! A2 |! prostacyclin |! and |! leukotrienes Phagocytic |! Cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔neutrophils, |! macrophages, |! dendritic |! cells Macrophages |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔derived |! from |! monocytes, |! which |! leave |! the |! blood |! stream |! and |! differentiate |! in |! tissues dendritic |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔specialized |! white |! blood |! cells |! that |! engulf |! antigens |! in |! the |! epithelia |! of |! the |! skin, |! GI |! and |! respiratory |! tracts
mature |! into |! plasma |! cells |! which |! produce |! antibodies antibodies |! [f] |! is |! to |! neutralize |! bacterial |! toxins Humoral |! Immunity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔specific |! immunity |! produced |! by |! B |! cells |! that |! produce |! antibodies |! that |! circulate |! in |! body |! fluids helps |! with |! some |! viruses, |! toxin |! induced |! diseases, |! pneumococci, |! meningococci, |! haemophilus Differentiate |! between |! Active |! and |! Passive |! acquired |! Immunity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Active |! - |! produced |! by |! host |! after |! exposure |! to |! antigen |! or |! vaccine Passive |! - |! acquired |! via |! transfer |! of |! antibodies |! or |! T-cells |! to |! the |! recipient |! (i.e. |! mom |! to |! fetus, |! TX |! for |! rabies, |! tetanus, |! hepatitis, |! snake |! bites) |! lasts |! only |! 2 |! weeks Define |! antigen |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! toxin |! or |! other |! foreign |! substance |! that |! induces |! an |! immune |! response |! in |! the |! body, |! especially |! the |! production |! of |! antibodies. Define |! Self-Antigens |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Protein |! molecules |! (self-antigens) |! on |! surface |! of |! cells |! not |! antigenic |! to |! self |! but |! antigenic |! to |! others |! in |! transfusions |! or |! grafts Allergens |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔substances |! that |! produce |! allergic |! reactions Function |! of |! IgA |! antibodies |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔localized |! protection |! on |! mucosal |! surfaces
protects |! against |! attachment |! of |! microorganisms function |! of |! IgM |! antibodies |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔produced |! early |! in |! primary |! response high |! level |! = |! recent |! infection function |! of |! IgG |! antibodies |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Binds |! with |! viruses, |! bacteria |! and |! toxins activates |! complement secondary |! response crosses |! placenta long |! lasting |! immunity Function |! of |! IgE |! antibodies |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔binds |! to |! mast |! cells, |! eosinophils, |! basophils involved |! in |! parasitic |! infections |! and |! hypersensitivity |! reactions function |! of |! IgD |! antibodies |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔found |! on |! surface |! of |! B- Lymphocytes signals |! B-cell |! activation Function |! of |! T |! Cytotoxic |! Cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔destruction |! of |! virus |! infected |! cells, |! tumor |! cells, |! allograft |! cells releases |! cytoxic |! chemicals |! to |! destroy |! cell |! membrane |! or |! induce |! apoptosis
B-cells |! differentiate |! into |! plasma |! cells produce |! antibodies |! and |! memory |! B-cells steps |! of |! immune |! response |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1. |! a |! T |! cell |! recognizes |! a |! pathogen's |! antigen
- |! The |! T |! cells |! divides |! many |! times |! so |! there |! are |! now |! more |! T |! cells |! that |! recognize |! the |! antigen
- |! Some |! T |! cells |! attack |! the |! cells |! damaged |! by |! the |! pathogens
- |! Other |! T |! cells |! activate |! B |! cells
- |! B |! cells |! make |! antibodies |! against |! the |! pathogen
- |! antibodies |! attach |! to |! antigens |! and |! mark |! for |! destruction |! by |! phagocytes Purpose |! and |! process |! for |! Primary |! and |! secondary |! immune |! responses |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Primary |! - |! Initial |! exposure: |! immune |! system |! response |! in |! 5- 7 |! days, |! Initial |! increased |! IgM |! antibodies |! then |! IgG |! antibodies Secondary |! - |! Anamnestic |! Immune |! response, |! Next |! exposure |! to |! antigen IgM |! response |! but |! IgG |! is |! higher |! than |! primary |! response i.e. |! Chicken |! pox |! then |! herpes |! zoster, |! Rh |! incompatibility |! then |! 2nd |! birth |! hemolytic |! anemia |! of |! newborn Age |! related |! changes |! in |! the |! immune |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fetal |! - |! last |! trimester |! produces |! IgM |! but |! not |! IgG |! or |! IgA, |! mother's |! antibodies |! provide |! protection Neonate |! - |! Immature |! immune |! system, |! at |! birth |! IgG |! levels |! drop |! after |! cord |! is |! cut 5-6 |! months |! - |! antibody |! levels |! reach |! a |! minimum
After |! 60 |! - |! decreased |! T-cell |! activity Middle |! age |! - |! decreased |! thymus decreased |! T-cell |! differentiation |! but |! numbers |! do |! not |! go |! down B-cells |! produce |! less |! antibodies decreased |! circulating |! memory |! B-cells increased |! circulating |! autoantibodies Allergic |! Response |! Type |! 1 |! Hypersensitivity: Etiology, |! pathophysiology, |! clinical |! manifestations |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔E: |! immediate |! hypersensitivity |! response |! to |! an |! environmental |! allergen, |! i.e. |! food, |! meds, |! pollen P: |! IgE |! bends |! w/ |! allergen. |! After |! re-exposure |! allergen |! binds |! w/ |! previously |! formed |! IgE |! complex. |! Mast |! cell |! detects |! the |! complex |! and |! begins |! to |! degranulate. Releases |! histamine |! and |! triggers |! inflammatory |! cascade CM: |! urticaria, |! rhinitis, |! conjunctivitis, |! asthma Differentiate |! between |! alloimmunity |! and |! autoimmunity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Alloimmunity |! - |! immune |! response |! to |! same |! species, |! i.e. |! ABO, |! Rh, |! transplant |! rejection Autoimmunity |! - |! response |! against |! own |! cells, |! familial |! tendency systemic |! lupus |! erythematosus |! (SLE):
antigen-presenting |! cells |! present |! HLA |! to |! both |! CD4 |! and |! CD8 |! cells T-cell |! proliferation |! produces |! Th1 |! & |! Th *Th1 |! secretes |! cytokines |! which |! activate |! cytotoxic |! T-cells |! IL2 |! receptors, |! then |! binds |! - |! complex |! is |! able |! to |! cause |! allogenic |! cell |! lysis |! and |! further |! stimulates |! T-cell |! proliferation *Th2 |! secrete |! cytokines |! which |! stimulate |! B-cell |! immunity, |! then |! produce |! antibodies |! and |! bind |! w/ |! allogenic |! cells |! which |! trigger |! inflammatory |! cascade |! and |! complement |! deposition |! and |! cell |! lysis HLA |! role |! in |! solid |! organ |! rejection |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Human |! Leukocyte |! Antigen |! (HLA) histocompatibility |! genes |! on |! chromosome |! 6 |! responsible |! for |! coding Class |! 1 |! Antigens |! primarily |! responsible |! (HLA |! A, |! HLA-B, |! HLA-C) solid |! organ |! transplant |! rejection: |! clinical |! application/treatment |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Prevent |! and |! treat |! immune |! response Calcineurine |! - |! prevents |! cytokine |! production |! thus |! preventing |! T-cell |! production Purine |! Antagonist |! anti-metabolite |! - |! prevent |! rejection |! only: |! Azathioprine, |! mycophenalate Corticosteroid |! - |! inhibits |! multiple |! levels |! of |! immune |! and |! inflammatory |! response, |! used |! to |! treat |! rejection Process |! of |! infection |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔colonization, |! invasion, |! multiplication, |! spread
incubation |! period |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! period |! between |! exposure |! to |! an |! infection |! and |! the |! appearance |! of |! the |! first |! symptoms Prodromal |! stage |! of |! infection |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔interval |! from |! onset |! of |! general |! symptoms |! to |! more |! distinct |! symptoms. |! During |! this |! time, |! the |! pathogen |! is |! multiplying Invasion |! period |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pathogen |! is |! multiplying, |! invasion |! is |! farther, |! and |! affects |! other |! body |! tissues; |! activation |! of |! the |! immune |! system |! and |! inflammatory |! response convalescence |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔(n.) |! - |! the |! gradual |! return |! to |! health |! after |! illness; |! containment |! of |! infection Communicability |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ability |! to |! spread |! from |! one |! individual |! to |! others |! and |! cause |! disease Immunogenicity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ability |! of |! pathogens |! to |! induce |! an |! immune |! response Infectivity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ability |! of |! the |! pathogen |! to |! invade |! and |! multiply |! in |! the |! host Pathogenicity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ability |! to |! cause |! disease
beneficial |! adaptive |! response exogenous |! pyrogens |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔agent |! outside |! the |! host |! that |! can |! produce |! fever endogenous |! pryogens |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Agent |! that |! can |! produce |! fever |! by |! individual's |! own |! inflammatory |! response Bacteria |! structure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔shapes:
- |! round- |! coccus
- |! rod- |! baccillus
- |! spiral- |! spirillum cell |! membranes:
- |! gram-positive |! bacteria- |! cell |! wall |! made |! of |! peptidoglycan |! surrounds |! cell |! membrane, |! stains |! purple
- |! gram-negative |! bacteria- |! peptidoglycan |! cell |! wall |! surrounded |! by |! inner |! and |! outer |! cell |! membranes, |! stains |! pink, |! does |! conjugation
- |! flagella- |! basal |! structure |! attached |! to |! cell |! wall/membrane, |! with |! a |! hook |! that |! whips |! around |! filament
- |! no |! cholesterol outmost |! surface |! has |! specific |! proteins |! that |! trigger |! a |! unique |! immune |! response, |! some |! foreign |! cells |! can |! vary |! the |! proteins |! presented |! on |! the |! surface |! to |! bypass |! the |! immune |! system
no |! nucleus |! (prokaryotes) |! smaller |! than |! eukaryotes, |! single |! celled, |! single |! circular |! strand |! of |! DNA Streptococci |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Pus-forming |! bacteria |! arranged |! in |! curved |! lines |! resembling |! a |! string |! of |! beads. |! They |! cause |! infections |! such |! as |! strep |! throat |! and |! blood |! poisoning. Group |! A |! Beta |! hemolytic |! - |! Strep |! Pyogenes, |! "strep |! throat", |! scarlet |! fever Group |! B |! Beta |! hemolytic |! - |! vagina, |! lower |! GI: |! leads |! to |! neonatal |! meningitis Vancomycin |! Resistant |! Enterococcus |! (VRE) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! strain |! of |! enterococcus |! bacteria |! that |! cannot |! be |! controlled |! with |! antibiotics; |! it |! is |! spread |! through |! direct |! and |! indirect |! contact Staphylococcus |! aureus |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! form |! of |! staphylococci |! that |! commonly |! infects |! wounds |! and |! causes |! serious |! problems |! such |! as |! toxic |! shock |! syndrome |! or |! produces |! food |! poisoning E. |! coli |! O157:H7 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Toxin-producing |! strain |! of |! E. |! coli First |! seen |! in |! 1982; |! causes |! bloody |! diarrhea Leading |! cause |! of |! diarrhea |! worldwide Viral |! Structure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Viruses |! bear |! no |! resemblance |! to |! cells Lack |! protein-synthesizing |! machinery Viruses |! contain |! only |! the |! parts |! needed |! to |! invade |! and |! control |! a |! host |! cell
antibiotic |! resistance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! evolution |! of |! populations |! of |! pathogenic |! bacteria |! that |! antibiotics |! are |! unable |! to |! kill Role |! of |! vaccines |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-stimulates |! the |! body's |! immune |! response -prepare |! the |! immune |! system |! for |! future |! attack -only |! way |! to |! control |! the |! spread |! of |! viral |! disease Influenza: |! incubation, |! etiology, |! modes |! of |! transmission, |! pathogenesis, |! clinical |! manifestations |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔I: |! 1-4 |! days E: |! single |! strand |! RNA |! virus, |! types |! A, |! B, |! C Trans: |! airborne |! droplets |! or |! direct |! contact |! w/ |! infected |! hands |! -adults |! contagious |! first |! 3-5 |! days, |! children |! up |! to |! 10 |! days. Patho: |! Virus |! inhaled |! --> |! degrades |! mucous |! layer |! of |! respiratory |! system |! --> |! hemagglutinin |! infects |! cells |! of |! UR/LR |! system-->necrosis |! of |! superficial |! resp |! cells. |! Does |! not |! go |! beyond |! resp |! system. |! Immunity |! is |! IgA |! function. |! i.e. |! H1N CM: |! fever, |! myalsias, |! malaise, |! dry |! cough, |! HA Complications: |! secondary |! bacterial |! infection, |! pneumonia, |! febrile |! seizure, |! encephalitis, |! myocarditis Measles: |! incubation, |! etiology, |! modes |! of |! transmission, |! pathogenesis, |! clinical |! manifestations |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔I: |! 6-19 |! days E: |! virus |! rubeola, |! systemic |! infection |! causes |! immune |! suppression Trans: |! spread |! via |! resp |! droplets |! (alive |! 2 |! hrs) |! and |! contagious |! for |! 5 |! days |! before |! rash |! until |! 4 |! days |! after. Patho:
CM: |! fever, |! malaise, |! anorexia, |! conjunctivitis, |! cough, |! photophobia, |! rash Complications: |! diarrhea, |! encephalitis, |! systemic |! immune |! suppression, |! pheumonia HIV: |! incubation, |! etiology, |! modes |! of |! transmission |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔I: |! 12 |! weeks |! after |! exposure E: |! HIV |! 1 |! or |! HIV |! 2 |! - |! HIV |! 2 |! less |! virulent |! (west |! Africa) Trans: |! blood |! born |! pathogen |! - |! IV |! drug |! use, |! blood |! products, |! sexual |! encounters, |! mom |! to |! baby HIV |! pathogenesis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Structure: |! viral |! envelope |! w/ |! protruding |! protein, |! has |! enzyme |! for |! replication Target: |! CD4 |! cell HIV |! protein |! binds |! to |! CD4 |! cell |! at |! the |! CD4 |! receptor |! plus |! one |! other |! receptor |! (CCR% |! or |! CXCR4) viral |! RNA |! injected |! into |! cytoplasm, |! capsid |! removed |! + |! reverse |! transcriptase--> |! DNA--> |! nucleus |! + |! integrase |! --> |! integrated |! into |! host |! DNA Transcription: |! DNA |! makes |! new |! viral |! RNA Translation: |! new |! viral |! proteins |! produced +Protease--> |! buds |! through |! cell |! membrane |! --> |! infect |! more |! CD CD4 |! numbers |! will |! eventually |! decrease Importance |! of |! CD4 |! cells |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔*CD4 |! is |! the |! main |! cell |! which |! triggers |! immune |! response. |! W/) |! sufficient |! CD4 |! cells, |! antigens |! cannot |! be |!
