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NUSCTX 10 FINAL EXAM 2025 | ALL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED
A+ | VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST VERSION
Which of the following are true about enzymes? (a) Enzymes are biological catalysts. (b) Enzymes lower the activation energy for a reaction. (c) Enzymes are very specific in their action. (d) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction. (e) All the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(e) All the above An investigator plans to test a hypothesis. She designs and performs experiments to test that hypothesis. Her studies can be considered (a) cohort studies (b) prospective studies (c) retrospective studies (d) case-control studies (e) observational studies ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(b) prospective studies When going from an ordered state to a disordered state, ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------energy is released What are the functions of water in our body? (a) Modulates body temperature (b) Works as a solvent (c) transport fat-soluble substances (d) a and b (e) all of the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(d) a and b
Which of the following statements is true regarding body fluid? (a) More than half of the body weight comes from the weight of water. (b) 1/3 of the fluid is intracellular, which is located within the cell. (c) 2/3 of the fluid is extracellular, which is located between cells, or inside blood vessels and lymph. (d) The amount of extracellular fluid influences the structure of a cell (cell bursts or collapses). (e) The amount of body fluid does not affect the blood pressure. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(a) More than half of the body weight comes from the weight of water. What is the caloric equivalent of heat? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------1 kcal increases the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius What is a problem with Bomb Calorimetry? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------It does not take into account how efficiently our bodies use food. You are in the jungle and just got bit by a venomous snake. You have an antidote that works on dogs at a specific dose. Because it is an emergency you decide to take the drug. You want to base your dosage on an estimate of your metabolic body size. This means your dose would be based on... --- ------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Your weight to the 3/4 power. A technique that measure inspired and expired gas flows, volumes and concentrations of O2 and CO2, allowing for measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production is called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------indirect calorimetry
(e) Body fluid refers only to the water in the body, not including the dissolved electrolytes. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(c) The most abundant intracellular electrolyte is potassium. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy in ___ of a healthy population. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------50% The EAR +2 standard deviations describes which Dietary Reference Intake? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Recommended Dietary Allowance __________ amino acids that can be converted to glucose if necessary. ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------glucogenic Which of the following food products is NOT regulated by the FDA? (a) eggs (b) milk (c) bottled water (d) food additives (e) all the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(a) eggs Based on the Nutrition Facts label, how many calories come from saturated fat in two servings in this product? Nutrition Facts: Serving Size: 1/2 Cup (66g) Servings Per Container: 4 Calories: 60 Calories from Fat: 18
Total Fat: 2g Saturated Fat: 1g Trans Fat: 0g Cholesterol: 41mg Sodium: 115mg ... ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------18 calories Which of the following is NOT a Labeling Law? (a) check amount of cholesterol per serving (b) check % fat per serving (c) check amount of potassium per serving (d) check calories per serving (e) none of the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(c) check amount of potassium per serving Essential amino acids... ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------must be included in the diet In a Nutrition Facts label, what is considered a moderate amount of sodium? (a) 0-150 mg/s (b) 222 mg/s (c) >300 mg/s (d) <150 mg/s (e) none of the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(b) 222 mg/s Nonessential amino acids can be made in the body by the process of _____________ if they are not available from the diet. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------transamination
(a) 40 grams (b) 60 grams (c) 80 grams (d) 100 grams (e) >100 grams ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(c) 80 grams According to the AMDR, what percent of John's total calories/day should he be getting from protein? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 10 - 35% For which nutrients are vegetarians at risk of deficiency? (a) iron (b) vitamin B- 12 (c) calcium (d) potassium (e) a, b and c ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(e) a, b and c Chemical bonds that link amino acids together are called ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------peptide bonds Which of the following is/are function(s) of proteins? (a) help speed up metabolic reactions (b) help protect the body from injury and infection (c) help keep fluid balance (d) both b and c (e) all the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(e) all the above Trypsinogen, which after conversion to trypsin breaks proteins into shorter peptides, is made and secreted from the ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------pancreas
The amino acid pool of the blood allows for single (free) amino acid availability for processes such as (a) energy production (b) synthesis of glucose or ketones (c) synthesis of nonprotein molecules that contain nitrogen (d) a and c (e) all the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(e) all the above Which organelle participates in the chemical processes that transfers energy from the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to newly created ATP molecules? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------mitochondria The body's main source of energy is _____________ and should be the major part of total daily food intake. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---carbohydrates To be considered an essential nutrient, a substance must have all these characteristics except... (a) it has a specific biological function. (b) removal from the diet leads to a decline in human biological function. (c) return of the omitted substance to the diet if done before permanent damage occurs, restores normal biological function impaired by its absence. (d) it is made in abundance by the body. (e) none of the above. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(d) it is made in abundance by the body. Nutrient dense refers to foods that ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- provide more nutrients relative to calories
(a) To breakdown food to macromolecules the body can utilize (b) To form a barrier using the lumen to protect against toxins and infection (c) to produce hormones that control hunger and satiety (d) a and b (e) all the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(e) all the above Which of the following statement is FALSE regarding the phases of digestions? (a) Cephalic phase is the first phase of digestion that can be triggered by the smell of the sound of foods. (b) Salt channels in the body act as receptors for sodium and create a salty sensation (c) The breakdown of food only occurs in the intestinal phase of digestion, and not in the gastric phase of digestion (d) The stomach produces strong acids to destroy most of the bacteria, but some bacteria can still enter the intestinal tract (e) Pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes are involved in the breakdown of the macronutrients ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- (c) The breakdown of food only occurs in the intestinal phase of digestion, and not in the gastric phase of digestion Immediately following a meal, which part of blood circulation is the most nutrient-rich? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hepatic portal circulation If more energy is consumed than is used by the body, over time the body will ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increase in weight Who of the following DO NOT have increased protein needs? (a) Olympic athletes (b) Seriously injured patient (c) Infant
(d) Pregnant women (e) None of the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(e) None of the above Which of the following statements is true about molecules related by the stomach during the gastric phase? (a) Gastric lipase helps with the breakdown of carbohydrates (b) Hydrochloric acid is needed for the activation of pepsin from pepsinogen (c) Gastrin is the hormone required for the absorption of vitamin B- 12 (d) Intrinsic factor stimulates gastric secretion and movement (e) all the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(b) Hydrochloric acid is needed for the activation of pepsin from pepsinogen _____ neutralizes stomach acid during the intestinal phase (a) potassium (b) bile salts (c) CCK (d) bicarbonate (e) ATP ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(d) bicarbonate Breaks down proteins and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Trypsin An accessory organ to the gastrointestinal tract involved with protein digestion ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Pancreas The amino acid pool directly helps with ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Energy production, synthesis of glucose, synthesis of nonprotein molecules that contain nitrogen
Decrease in energy expenditure beyond what could be predicted --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Adaptive thermogenesis Ways that energy is released ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- BMR, thermic effect of food, adaptive thermogenesis, physical activity Intracellular electrolytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- potassium, magnesium, phosphate Extracellular electrolytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------sodium chloride System that retains water ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Antidiuretic hormone system that retains sodium, potassium, and hydrogen. What does it do> ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. It increases blood pressure Phases of digestion ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------cephalic, gastric, intestinal gastric phase ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------where food gets broken down by enzymes Involves emulsification of food
The lining of the intestine provides a physical barrier against microorganisms and their toxins. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- mucosa gross energy ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------digested energy +feces partially hydrolyzed/broken down food ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------chyme Begins protein digestion, in the stomach ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------pepsin sections of small intestine ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- duodenum, jejunum, ileum integration of signals from nerve cells and smooth muscle cells --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------gastrointestinal motility Where nutrients go firs and why ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- liver because it detoxifies compounds, maintains constant glucose levels made from cholesterols and used to emulsify ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------bile acids
proper types and balance of macronutrients, and sufficient essential vitamins and minerals Two types of fiber and where to find them ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------soluble - apples, oatmeal insoluble - bran of grains, pulp of fruit, skin of vegetables. Insoluble speeds up transit of foods and attaches itself to cholesterol to quickly eliminate it from body Role of fats ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------supplies energy and transports nutrients Essential fatty acids ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------omega 3 and omega 6 Role of proteins ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------supplies amino acids to build and maintain healthy body tissue Role of vitamins ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Organic substances required for regulation of metabolism and maintenance of normal growth Major minerals ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium
What is cellular respiration ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen, provides energy vili ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients Four types of tissue ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------epithelial (skin), connective (cartilage), muscle, nervous Homeostasis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level cohort study ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Following a subset of a population over a lifetime Calorie ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------mass x velocity. 1 kcal 1000 g basal metabolic rate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the body's resting rate of energy expenditure. weight to the three fourths Positive energy balance ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain
Difference between aldosterone and ADH ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Aldosterone does not dilute the blood Systolic ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Diastolic ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery exercise-associated hyponatremia ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- too much water` Extracellular fluid location ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------80% between tissue cells, 20% in blood plasma Daily water gain and loss ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 2500 mL most abundant mineral in the body ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --Calcium. blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, contraction. If too low, gets electrolyte from bone Sodium ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------controlled by aldosterone, adh, and atrial natriuretic peptide. Muscle contraction, electrolyte balance
Chloride ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------controlled by processes thatt increase Na+. regulate osmotic pressure, form HCl accessory organs of digestion ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- liver, pancreas, gallbladder hepatic portal circulation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------carries blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver. Nutrients absorbed directly into the blood reach the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Gastrin ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Digestive hormone that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice and movement Gastrointestinal motility ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- propulsion and mixing goblet cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------secrete mucus for protection and lubrication in intestinal phase enterohepatic circulation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts zymogen ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------inactive form of an enzyme
