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Nutrition Fundamentals (Nursing Prerequisite) - Final Assessment Review - OSU 2025, Exams of Nutrition

Ohio State University (OSU) - Lima Nutrition

Nutrition Fundamentals (Nursing Prerequisite) - Final Assessment Review - OSU 2025Nutrition Fundamentals (Nursing Prerequisite) - Final Assessment Review - OSU 2025Nutrition Fundamentals (Nursing Prerequisite) - Final Assessment Review - OSU 2025Nutrition Fundamentals (Nursing Prerequisite) - Final Assessment Review - OSU 2025

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Final Assessment – Nutrition Fundamentals

Final Assessment Review

2025

DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) - ✔- A set of nutritional reference values for the

United States and Canada that applies to healthy people.

-

Addresses prevention of chronic diet related issues.

-

Differs depending on age and gender.

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) - ✔- the average daily intake level estimated

to meet the needs of nearly all people in a certain group. Aim for this amount!

-

Use this for planning family meals sufficient for infants, children, adults and elderly

family members.

AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) - ✔recommended range of

carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake expressed as a percentage of total energy

AMDR Range for Carbs - ✔45-65%

AMDR range for protein - ✔10-35%

AMDR range for fats - ✔20-35%

UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) - ✔- The highest level of daily consumption of a

nutrient that current data has shown to cause no side effects in humans.

-

Ensures people do not take harmful amounts

-

Used a lot in supplements

EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) - ✔- the average daily nutrient intake level

estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage

or gender group

-

Used to guide recommendations & menu planning for COMMUNITIES, in combination

with upper intake levels

Nutrition - ✔The science of how foods affect the human body to promote health and

prevent disease

6 classes of nutrients - ✔1. Water

2.

Vitamins

3.

Minerals

4.

protein

5.

fats - lipids

6.

carbohydrates

Partial preview of the text

Download Nutrition Fundamentals (Nursing Prerequisite) - Final Assessment Review - OSU 2025 and more Exams Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity!

Final Assessment – Nutrition Fundamentals

Final Assessment Review

DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) - ✔- A set of nutritional reference values for the United States and Canada that applies to healthy people.

Addresses prevention of chronic diet related issues.
Differs depending on age and gender. RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) - ✔- the average daily intake level estimated to meet the needs of nearly all people in a certain group. Aim for this amount!
Use this for planning family meals sufficient for infants, children, adults and elderly family members. AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) - ✔recommended range of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake expressed as a percentage of total energy AMDR Range for Carbs - ✔ 45 - 65% AMDR range for protein - ✔ 10 - 35% AMDR range for fats - ✔ 20 - 35% UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) - ✔- The highest level of daily consumption of a nutrient that current data has shown to cause no side effects in humans.
Ensures people do not take harmful amounts
Used a lot in supplements EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) - ✔- the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group
Used to guide recommendations & menu planning for COMMUNITIES, in combination with upper intake levels Nutrition - ✔The science of how foods affect the human body to promote health and prevent disease 6 classes of nutrients - ✔1. Water

Vitamins
Minerals
protein
fats - lipids
carbohydrates

4 things that a healthy full diet contains - ✔1. Adequate energy intake

Variety
Fiber
Adequate hydration Choose My Plate - ✔USDA food grouping system that guides nutrition and health Nutritional Benefit of fruits & veggies - ✔- Provide phytonutrients that reduce the risk of some types of cancer.

High Fiber
High vitamins/minerals
low calories Number of recommended serving of fruits and veggies per day - ✔ 9 Servings Increasing the amount of colorful veggies reduces the risk of - ✔stroke Strategies for balanced meal planning on a budget - ✔- buying canned veggies in bulk
buying only the amount of fresh veggies that can be eaten at the time
buying veggies whole and preparing/trimming them at home (precut veggies are more expensive)
Grow veggies and herbs at home
buy only in season veggies True - ✔Skim Milk has roughly the same amount of calcium and protein as whole milk Dietary recommendations for whole grain intake - ✔One half of all grain products should be whole grain products Consider how the following meal can be improved: Omelet with cheese toasted English muffin 1 t. all-fruit preserves 1/2 large grapefruit 1 cup whole milk - ✔- use egg whites for omlet
replace cheese with veggies in the omelets
replace English muffin with whole grain English muffin
replace whole milk with fat-free milk True/False - ✔trans fat and added sugar intake should be minimized; there is no DRI value (T) Recommended daily amount of protein intake - ✔ 60 gm/day Examples of proteins - ✔- garbanzo beans
egg
chicken breast
yogurt
cheese
ground beef

increase fruit, vegetables, and low fat dairy; k, mg, ca Factors important for controlling HTN - ✔- Sodium below 1600 mg/day
Healthy weight (BMI below 25)
Daily exercise What can protect spikes in blood sugars - ✔Fiber Why is obesity considered a disease - ✔because it affects many organ systems and hormones, impairing body functions BMI considered obese - ✔ 30 or greater, requiring counseling about a weight loss dietary plan How to calculate BMI - ✔1. Take patients height in inches and square it (ex. 5' 4" = 64 in; 64 ^2 = 4096)

Divide the weight in pounds by the number you get. (ex. 175/4096 = 0.043)
Multiply the answer to 2 by 703 (ex. 0.043 x 703 = 30) What kind of diet is least likely to result in obesity - ✔A diet with a variety of fruits, whole grains and vegetable Example of risk factors for heart disease that are modifiable - ✔- sedentary lifestyle

BMI > 30
diet high in trans-fats Example of risk factors for heart disease that are NOT modifiable - ✔- age 80 yrs
male gender
family member who died of a heart attack at age 55 True - ✔Obese children & teenagers are at an increased risk of coronary disease Low BMI - ✔less than 18.
Can increase the risk of infertility, osteoporosis and premature death Health risks that increase with higher BMI - ✔- heart disease
premature death
DM
osteoarthritis
OSA True - ✔There is a genetic influence on body weight. Body weight of parents often are predictive of body weight of children even when they do not raise them

Maintaining weight in the long term - ✔- patients should balance energy intake with energy expenditure Advice for weight loss - ✔- increase activity

limit sugary drinks
when you want food, ask yourself "am I hungry"
reduce processed foods
Eat 5 small meals to maintain energy throughout the day What amount of reduction in total body weight has consistently been shown to improve health and decrease risks? - ✔10% Example: 180 lb person would need to lose 18 lbs (down to 162 lbs) 265 lb would need to lose 26.5 lbs (down to 238.5) 430 lb person would need to lose 43 lbs (down to 397) Examples of Appropriate, sustainable weight loss goals - ✔- to reduce risk of chronic disease
to increase energy level
to be able to be more physically active with less joint pain Motivational Interviewing regarding weight loss - ✔- health behaviors have rewards separate from lbs lost
don't focus on failure
don't focus on negative images
don't sugar coat or be dismissive Drinking What amount of water each day has shown to support weight loss - ✔ 48 oz or more Examples of foods appropriate for consistent inclusion on a wt reduction dietary plan - ✔-baked fish
broiled skinless chicken breast
steamed green veggies
lean protein Examples of societal factors in the obesity epidemic - ✔- desk-based, low-activity jobs
increasing size of food portions
increased consumption of processed foods Examples of obesity message to discuss with adolescents - ✔- focus on health diet, not weight loss diets
positively reinforce healthy behaviors in general
don't give food as a reward
media messages

Limit portion sizes
Avoid frequent restaurant meals
Encourage physical active play and not just desk-based study
Provide and model choices of healthy plant-based snacks and colorful fruits & veggies at meals Examples of teaching strategies for high school students about nutrition - ✔- Provide recommendations & the reasons behind them
Encourage attainable goal setting
Focus on healthy weight maintenance & healthful, gradual weight loss
Don't focus on physical appearance Daily Value for Calcium for an adolescent female - ✔130% - adolescent females would need more calcium that the recommended DV for adults What is a dietary cause of short stature, poor bone development and cognitive delay - ✔Malnutrtion What do young adolescents have an increase need for relative to adults? - ✔Thiamine True - ✔Alcohol should be avoided during all trimesters of pregnancy What is an effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the fetus - ✔Permanent developmental disability (fetal alcohol syndrome) What vitamin can reduce the risk of neural tube defects - ✔Folic acid/folate Examples of sources of folate - ✔lentils, spinach, oats Examples of advice for a pregnant patient to minimize the risk of pre-term delivery - ✔- abstain from alcohol and drugs prior to conception and throughout pregnancy
discontinue all alcohol
maintain healthy weight
maintain healthy diet to help prevent gestational DM Breastfeeding - ✔- burns extra calories and can promote return to pre-pregnancy weight
requires extra fluid consumption
promotes oxytocin release
may reduce the risk of childhood obesity
is not a reliable for of birth control (it can delay return of fertility but not always) Why are adults over 70 more vulnerable to inadequacy of dietary nutrients? - ✔ Because different GI physiology interferes with absorption

Benefits of prebiotics and probiotics for older adult - ✔- decreases total cholesterol

controls IBS
supports immune system function
rebuilds bone density True - ✔Adequate Intake of protein have not been established for infants 7 - 12 months of age Advise for adapting to older adulthood - ✔- to avoid obesity, remain active and realize your overall caloric needs may decrease Where to find info for adding dietary supplement to your diet - ✔PCP Supplements should be recommended for - ✔people who need them - labs show deficiency Statement that is required on the label of all supplements - ✔"Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent heart disease Vitamins that are water soluable and can be flushed out in urine stream - ✔B vitamins; vitamin C Fat soluable vitamins that are stored in fat - ✔K, A, D, E ergogenic aids - ✔Supplements used to benefit athletic performance or exercise. Nootropics - ✔a class of drugs that enhance cognitive function Probiotics - ✔live microbes applied to or ingested into the body Improves digestive problems Galactagogue - ✔Increases breast milk production supplements may contain - ✔- active ingredients
extra ingredients unlisted and are similar to fillers in Rx drugs True - ✔Supplements can interact with medicine and make it's effects too strong or reduce it's effects. This can be life threatening. Beriberi results from a deficiency of - ✔Thiamine brain damage, intellectual impairment and goiters result for a deficiency of - ✔Iodine Blindness in young children result for a deficiency of - ✔Vitamin A

Undernutrition - ✔Too little food energy or too few nutrients to prevent disease or to promote growth; a form of malnutrition

Consuming many calories but w/o adequate nutrients Child Food Security Survey Model - ✔A tool to help determine if a child is experiencing hunger at home household food security status - ✔A outcome measure to examine the public's ability to secure adequate food food security - ✔All or most people in a country have daily access to enough nutritious food to lead active and healthy lives Low food security is characterized by - ✔reduced quality, variability, and desirability of diet National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act of 1990 resulted in - ✔The development of standardized questionnaires for measuring household food security status Hunger - ✔uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food Problems/Factors associated with food insecurity - ✔- poor nutrition
trouble obtaining food
obesity
poorer health status
lower cognitive and academic performance Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) - ✔helps low-income individuals and families purchase food. More than half of food stamp recipients are children. Formerly known as Food Stamps. Meals on Wheels - ✔a community-supported nutrition program in which prepared meals are delivered to elders in their homes, usually by volunteers
Most appropriate for elderly persons with low income, transportation issues and nutritional deficiencies Women's, Infant's, and Children's program (WIC) - ✔Provides supplemental food and education for families in need of assistance
Most appropriate for pregnant females with low income who have difficulty obtaining medical care Things to consider when address the nutritional needs of a homeless person - ✔- is food ready to eat or do they have to prepare it on equipment
is food non-perishable or will it require refrigeration

is the food nutritionally adequate Barrier to nutritional education - ✔Illiteracy
screen for problems with written materials and provide verbal or picture-based instruction Recommendations for nutrition education for patients who speak limited English - ✔- avoid using text only to teach
avoid using only traditional American food
use pictures and food from the patients culture Elderly Nutrition Program - ✔A program that teaches older adults how to shop, plan and prepare nutritious meals and conducts HTN assessments Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program - ✔provides elderly with coupons to use at farmer's markets unprepared fruits, veggies, herbs, and honey Nutritional Assistance programs available in every US community for those who meet income eligibility criteria - ✔- SNAP
Child Nutrition Program Food poisoning can be caused by - ✔either primary infection by a microbe OR production of toxins by microbes Thought to be the most lethal bio terrorism agent - ✔Botulism Infections commonly disseminated by ingestion (fecal-oral) - ✔- cholera
shingellosis Food Systems Security - ✔a system to focus on locating the source of a bio terrorism incident and notifying affected facilities Foods that have been common sources of food contamination in recent years - ✔-Bean sprouts
spinach
milk Increased risk of spreading microbial foodborne illness - ✔- undercooked chicken
unwashed veggies
eating bean sprouts
defrosting a steak on a counter
storing cooked and raw veggies together
Not cooking or freezing poultry within 2 days of purchase

obese: > USDA organic seal indicates - ✔- that a food is 100% organic according to current standards

that food is not genetically engineered, no synthetic fungicides or insecticides were used
Food, cosmetics and fabric can be certified organic Differentiate between aerobic, muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening activities. - ✔Aerobic fitness is the ability of the body's cardiovascular system to supply energy during continuous physical activities such as biking and running ..... Muscle strengthening exercises involve using your muscles to work against a resistance such as your body weight, elastic bands or weights. Vitamin A deficiency - ✔night blindness, dry skin Pellagra symptoms - ✔diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death Vitamin C deficiency - ✔scurvy, hemorrhagic diathesis, poor wound healing Iron deficiency symptoms - ✔Anaemia (Reduction in red blood cell or haemoglobin level) What are the different types of fiber? Give examples of food sources of each fiber type.
✔There are two types of fiber: Soluble, found in fruits and vegetables, beans and oats. These dissolve in water and help keep total cholesterol under control. Insoluble, found in whole grain foods such as wheat bran. Define ergogenic aids - ✔Ergogenic aids are performance enhancer, used by athletes to improve their performance and endurance. They are illicit substances and compounds referred to as nutritional supplements. The most common ergogenic aid is Creatine (Cr), or methylguanidine-acetic acid.

C C A B Question 1 5 / 5^ pts

Which of the following is NOT true regarding civil commitment in the United States? a. In the 20th century, commitment laws gave power to determine civil commitment to the legal system rather than medical professionals. b. A right to trial is a legal protection now included prior to long-term civil commitment. c. States have the same regulations and laws regulating short-term civil commitment. d. Short-term civil commitment can occur without a trial if dangerous symptoms are observed.
Accurately complete the following statements on patient rights from the American Psychiatric Association: Patients have a right to know about a. their therapist’s credentials. b. their therapist’s outcome rates. c. their therapist’s credentials and outcome rates. d. None of the above.
Accurately complete the following statement on patient rights from the American Psychiatric Association: Patients have a right to receive as early in the process as possible. a. a diagnosis b. a symbiosis c. monetary reimbursements d. medication
Accurately complete the following statement on patient rights from the American Psychiatric Association: Patients have a right to hear and to have this be explained thoroughly. a. their family member’s responsibilities in the treatment process b. their own responsibilities in the treatment process c. their therapist’s assurance that they will cure the patient d. None of the above

A A danger. c. It’s a principle stating that biological parents alone have the right to intervene in the life of a citizen. d. None of the above.

Which of the following most accurately describes how Police Power relates to involuntary commitment? a. It’s the principle that the state needs to protect the needs of its citizens. b. It’s the principle guiding the amount of force needed to restrain aggressive patients. c. It’s a slogan that guided advocacy groups calling for deinstitutionalization. d. None of the above. Answer 1: CCoorrrreecctt!! (^) B Answer 2: YYoouu AAnnsswweerreedd D Correct Answer A Answer 3: CCoorrrreecctt!! B Answer 4: CCoorrrreecctt!! (^) A Answer 5: CCoorrrreecctt!! A Question 3 10 / 10^ pts Answer the questions in complete sentences.
Many would argue that deinstitutionalization particularly helped individuals with intellectual disability. Based on what you have learned about this class of disorders as well as the article content in this module, discuss the following: a. Prior to deinstitutionalization, how were individuals with intellectual disability often treated in the United States? Be specific, and base your answer on the article readings. b. How might deinstitutionalization particularly benefit individuals with intellectual disability? c. What are some reasons why individuals with intellectual disabilities may experience fewer downsides of deinstitutionalization and more advantages? 6 pts.
An article linked in the module talks about the mistaken economic decisions that were made regarding deinstitutionalization. Discuss these decisions as well as what we now know to be incorrect about these economic assumptions. 4 pts. Your Answer: individuals with intellectual disability were often mistreated in the United States. The module specifically mentions

[A. Prior to deinstitutionalization: barred from schools or at least mainstreamed education, segregated in everyday life. Stigma. 2 pts. B. Allow to live with family, not mixed in with those with other illnesses, integrated into society. 2 pts for a thoughtful consideration of these and other benefits. C. Laws in the United States do not prevent reimbursement for care for those with intellectual disability, like they do for mental illness. Also, less stigma for residential care for intellectual disability. 2 pts]
[2 pts: Redirecting funding to community-based care does not necessarily reduce the overall funding amount. 2 pts: Community-based care is not necessarily cheaper than institutional care] Deinstitutionalization particularly benefited individuals with intellectual disability because it attempts to put the power of their treatment back onto the individual, their supporter/families, and the community at large. (C) Individuals with intellectual disabilities may experience fewer downsides of deinstitutionalization and more advantages because, for the most part, they are in control of their treatment plans, services, and recovery.
The mistaken economic decisions that were made regarding deinstitutionalization was pertaining to who would fund mental heath treatments and who the burden should fall and what role does the government have in it. What we now know to be incorrect about these economic assumptions is that the government does have a responsibility to care for the mental health community and all the people in it as they would any other person without mental health defecits. Question 4 10 / 10^ pts Answer the questions in an organized and complete way, using full sentences. One of the articles linked in the module states, “Though the goal of deinstitutionalization – improving treatment and quality of life for the mentally ill – is not controversial, the reality of deinstitutionalization has made it a highly polarizing issue” (Unite For Sight, para. 6). Describe in detail the two sides to this polarizing issue, discussing the key points and reasons why professionals might believe that deinstitutionalization was needed and was a successful process and professionals who believe that deinstitutionalization caused unintended harm. Then, conclude with a detailed evaluation in which you indicate which points you feel are the strongest as well as which ones you personally agree with. Your Answer: There are two sides of deinstitutionalization's highly polarizing issue and, as I recall, the article specifically mentions Medicaid/insurance benefits how they can be used in regards to mental health - more so, the purpose of deinstitutionalization was to defund and shut down these large psychiatric wards that were funded by big governmental agencies and allow treatment to be community based but at what cost - figuratively and actually. The polarizing issues solely pertain to economics - and with economics comes politics. One side says that the reason pre-deinstitutionalization was actually beneficial is because the burden of the treatment costs did not put the patient/their families/and their supporters in situations where they had to choose between necessities and treatments versus the other side of pro- deinstitutionalization policies that advocate for the patients and allowing them subjectivity and control of their own treatments but then also has third and fourth order effects for themselves/their famlies/and their supporters (unintended harm). Additionally, the two polarizing sides also talked a lot of the types of services institutionalization and deinstitutionalization had to include how well trained and how well paid their doctors were, the types of treatments that could be available on either side, etc., which all came back to funding at the center of both of the polarizing issues. Regardless, mental health and medical professionals believe that deinstitutionalization was needed and was a successful process because it was still better than the rampant abuse, overcrowding, underpaid/uneven trained employees, understaffed facilities, and overall inhumane and unfair tratements people with mental disorders had to face prior to deinstitutionalization, which is why I also feel that the strongest points made and the side I personally agree with is the side that advocates for deinstitutionalization. As I advocate for mental health for friends, family members, coworkers, and even myself, I could never imagine sending anyone of them to the mental institutions that were once so common in the mid 1900s and before. Personally, deinstitutionalization was two steps forward in the many changes that needed to occur

CCoorrrreecctt!!

Question 2 4 / 4^ pts

Starting at the oral cavity list the path of food it would travel to reach the anus. Your Answer: 1 - mouth 2 - esophagus 3 - stomach 4 - small intestine 5 - large intestine 6 - rectum Multiple Choice: Which type of diffusion can move nutrients against the concentration from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration? Active transport Passive diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

**Oral cavity --> esophagus -->stomach -->small intestine - -

large intestine (colon) -->rectum -->anus.**

Question 3 4 / 4^ pts

True or false. If false, re-write the statement to make a truth. The gallbladder produces bile for digestion and excess is stored in the liver. Your Answer: it is false, the glablader stores bile that is produce ny the liver. FALSE: The liver produces bile for digestion and it is stored in the gallbladder.

Nutrition Fundamentals (Nursing Prerequisite) - Final Assessment Review - OSU 2025, Exams of Nutrition

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Final Assessment – Nutrition Fundamentals

Final Assessment Review

Question 2 4 / 4^ pts

Question 3 4 / 4^ pts

Question 4 4 / 4^ pts