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Nutritional biochemistry study guide, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biochemistry

Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU)Biochemistry
Prof. Paul Kline

Dr.Kline study guide Nutritional Biochem

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2023/2024

Uploaded on 04/11/2025

K_Dirt87
K_Dirt87 🇺🇸

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NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY
CHEM 3570
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE, ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Vocabulary
amphibolic pathway: both catabolism and anabolism
amphipathic: has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
amphoteric: able to react as both base and acid.
anaplerotic reaction: “filling up reaction”. breakdown of selected compounds such
as carbon skeletons of amino acids.
citric acid cycle: although oxygen does not participate in the pathway directly the
cycle only operates under aerobic conditions.
Krebs cycle: is the citric acid cycle.
Matrix: the space enclosed by the inner membrane containing a gel-like solution
substrate-level phosphorylation: direct formation of ATP or GTP by transferring a
phosphate group from high energy.
tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle): occurs in the mitochondria. Also known as
the Krebs cycle. The final pathway where the oxidation of carbohydrates, amino
acids and fatty acids coverage and carbon skeletons are converted to carbon
dioxide.
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
adenine nucleotide antiporter: exchange of adenylates, most abundant protein.
How ATP and ADP exchange through this carrier.
(ADP/ATP translocase): catalyze the high specific transport of ATP across the
membrane in exchange of ADP.
Antiport: when 2 kinds of molecules move in the opposite directions while
diffusing through carrier proteins.
symport: when 2 kinds of molecules move in the same direction while diffusion
through carrier proteins.
chemiosmotic theory: transmembrane ATP synthase is central to convert energy
of spontaneous flow of protons.
coenzyme Q (CoQ): ubiquinone key component of electron transport chain. can
be in several oxidation states. In the inner mitochondrial membrane. Proton
binding. (moved from complex 1 to 2 to donate to 3)
coupled reaction:
cristae: the folds of the inner membrane
high energy phosphate compound: ATP
intermembrane space: IMS is enclosed by the outer and inner membrane of the
organelles.
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NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

CHEM 3570

TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE, ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Vocabulary amphibolic pathway: both catabolism and anabolism amphipathic: has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts amphoteric: able to react as both base and acid. anaplerotic reaction: “filling up reaction”. breakdown of selected compounds such as carbon skeletons of amino acids. citric acid cycle: although oxygen does not participate in the pathway directly the cycle only operates under aerobic conditions. Krebs cycle: is the citric acid cycle. Matrix: the space enclosed by the inner membrane containing a gel-like solution substrate-level phosphorylation: direct formation of ATP or GTP by transferring a phosphate group from high energy. tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle): occurs in the mitochondria. Also known as the Krebs cycle. The final pathway where the oxidation of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids coverage and carbon skeletons are converted to carbon dioxide. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation adenine nucleotide antiporter: exchange of adenylates, most abundant protein. How ATP and ADP exchange through this carrier. (ADP/ATP translocase): catalyze the high specific transport of ATP across the membrane in exchange of ADP. Antiport: when 2 kinds of molecules move in the opposite directions while diffusing through carrier proteins. symport: when 2 kinds of molecules move in the same direction while diffusion through carrier proteins. chemiosmotic theory: transmembrane ATP synthase is central to convert energy of spontaneous flow of protons. coenzyme Q (CoQ): ubiquinone key component of electron transport chain. can be in several oxidation states. In the inner mitochondrial membrane. Proton binding. (moved from complex 1 to 2 to donate to 3) coupled reaction: cristae: the folds of the inner membrane high energy phosphate compound: ATP intermembrane space: IMS is enclosed by the outer and inner membrane of the organelles.

lactic acidosis: a type of metabolic acidosis that occurs when lactic acid builds up in your blood. The body produces more lactate when tissues are deprived of oxygen. matrix: the space enclosed in the inner membrane, a gel like solution. mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell containing energy producing pathways such as TCA cycle electron transport chain synthesis of ATP and oxidation of fatty acids. oxidative phosphorylation: process in which reduction of oxygen generates high energy phosphate bonds ATP. P/O ratio the number of moles of ATP formed. reactive oxygen species: non-shivering thermogenesis allows protos to flow back. Uncoupling proteins allow to reenter the mitochondria without energy being used. Energy is released as heat. Happens in the brown fat adipocytes. Important source of heat in babies. standard reduction potential: the possibility of losing or accepting electrons. Reduction E E0= negative=loss of electron pairs E0=positive=accept electron pairs ubiquinone: other cellular defenses. Can dissolve in fats and oils. Topics

  1. Why is TCA cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation important in the recovery of energy from the oxidation of glucose? Essential for the conversion of ATP
  2. Be able to briefly describe the TCA cycle. a. Final pathway in the oxidation of a number of different types of biomolecules. Where the oxidation of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, and carbon skeleton are converted to carbon dioxide. b. Tightly tied to electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation c. Where does it occur? Mitochondria d. What are the major products? NADH, FADH2, ATP and Co e. Aerobic pathway: requiring oxygen function. f. Amphibolic pathway: both catabolism and anabolism g. Anaplerotic reactions: breakdown of selected compounds such as carbon skeleton of amino acids replenish intermediates of the TCA cycle.
  3. What is the overall reaction of the TCA cycle?
  4. What is the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase in relation to the TCA cycle?

Is a genetic mutation that affects the function of enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Delayed developments may include seizures, muscle weakness, fatigue, neurological problems.

  1. How is arsenic poisoning and mercury poisoning related to pyruvate dehydrogenase? Inhibit the function of enzymes involved in energy metabolism that can lead to build up of pyruvate and lactate. “Mad hatter” leads to strange behavior, symptoms like beriberi which are pain in limbs, weakness of muscles, distorted skin sensation, enlarged heart and inadequate cardiac output.
  2. How is the phrase “mad as a hatter” related to pyruvate dehydrogenase? Mercury poising, people who made hats used mercury nitrate to soften and shape the animals’ furs.
  3. Why is beriberi a serious health problem in areas where rice is an important source of calories? Rice is low in thiamine because the outer layer of the rice the husk is removed.
  4. What are the two stages of TCA cycle? 1- 2 carbon atoms are introduced into the cycle by coupling to oxaloacetate to form citrate and 2-carbons are released as CO2 and citrate is metabolized to a 4-carbon molecule. 2- The resulting 4 carbon molecules are metabolized to regenerate oxaloacetate allowing function of the cycle.
  5. Be able to predict whether an allosteric effector is an inhibitor or activator of a given enzyme of the TCA cycle. Allosteric sites allow effectors to bind to the protein. Activators: ADP Ca2+ Inhibitor: NADH ATP CoA
  6. What is the reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase? Catalyze the reversible transfer of the gamma phosphate of nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphate.
  7. Roughly how many ATPs are produced during the complete aerobic metabolism of glucose to carbon dioxide? 30-
  8. What three enzymes are the control points of TCA cycle? Citrate synthase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

  1. Know whether the following allosteric effectors of the TCA cycle are positive or negative. negative a. Citrate citrate synthase. b. ADP isocitrate dehydrogenase c. Ca2+^ isocitrate dehydrogenase d. NADH isocitrate dehydrogenase e. ATP isocitrate dehydrogenase f. Ca2+^ a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase g. NADH a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase h. Succinyl CoA a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  2. Know that the TCA cycle is an amphibolic pathway and some of the compounds that are synthesized from TCA cycle intermediates. You are not required to know the TCA cycle precursors for particular compounds.
  3. What is an anaplerotic reaction? What is the most important anaplerotic reaction? Intermidates that are used must be replenished “filling up reaction”. Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  4. Be able to describe the structure of the mitochondria and how the structure is related to the synthesis of ATP. Powerhouse of the cell containing energy producing pathways such as the TCA cycle, electron transport, synthesis of STP and oxidation of fatty acids. Consist of 2 membranes, a permeable outer membrane and impermeable inner membrane separated by intermembrane space. Inner membrane is highly folded the cristate. Space enclosed by the inner membrane is the matrix gel like solution.
  5. What is the standard reduction potential? Know that compounds with a large negative standard reduction potential have a strong tendency to lose electrons and undergo oxidation and those with a large positive standard reduction potential have a strong tendency to accept electrons and undergo oxidation. The possibility of losing or accepting electrons. E0= negative=loss of electron pairs E0=positive=accept electron pairs
  6. Know the names of the electron carrier complexes and the order in which they occur in the electron transport chain. Know that the components of the electron transport chain are arranged in order of increasingly positive standard reduction potentials. Electrons flow down an energy gradient NADH to O Complex 1: NADH
  1. What is the chemiosmotic theory? What is the relationship between electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?
  2. Know that the free energy from electron transport that is not used to synthesize ATP is used to transport calcium ions into the mitochondria and to generate heat.
  3. What is the definition of P/O and what are the generally accepted P/O values for electrons that originate with NADH and those that originate from FADH 2. The number of moles of ATP formed in oxidative phosphorylation per oxygen atom reduced per pair of electrons. NADH 2.5 ATP ½ O FADH 2 1.5 ATP ½ O
  4. What is thermogenin and in what type of tissue is it located? Allows protons to flow back. Uncoupling proteins allow H+ to reenter the mitochondrial matrix without energy being used to synthesize ATP. Located in mitochondria-rich brown adipocytes (brown fat).
  5. How does 2,4-dintrophenol function as a weight loss drug and why was it ultimately banned? Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation leads to heightened metabolic rate and increased fat metabolism, banned because it is hydrophobic nonpolar causing people to die from dehydration.
  6. What is the function of the glycerol 3-phosphate and malate aspartate shuttles? You are not required to know the details of the transport shuttles. Glycerol 3-phosphate: shuttle reducing equivalents from cytosolic NADH enter the electron transport chain at complex 2. Malate-aspartate: shuttle reducing equivalents from cytosolic NADH enter the electron transport chain at complex 1.
  7. What is the function of adenine nucleotide antiporter, also known as ADP/ATP translocase? Exchanges free ATP with free ADP across the inner mitochondria membrane
  8. How is electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation regulated? Based on substrate availability. The presence of oxygen regulates the ETC.