Download NVCC PSY 200-E43L Exam 1 and 2 (Updated Versions) | Featuring General Psychology Topics and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
NVCC PSY 200-E43L Exam 1 and 2 (Updated Versions) |
Featuring General Psychology Topics such as Learning
Theories (Classical and Operant Conditioning), Memory
Processes, Developmental Stages, and Sensation and
Perception
NVCC PSY 200-E43L Exam 1
How are sound waves converted to a neural impulse?(transduction) ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------specialized auditory receptor neurons in the basilar membrane are stimulated then release neurotransmitter molecules which initiate a neural signal into the auditory nerve that travels to the brain What is place code? does it work well for low or high frequency? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane and is used mainly for high frequencies What is temporal code? does it work well for low or high frequency? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the cochlea registers relatively low frequencies via the firing rate of action potential entering the auditory nerve How do we locate sounds? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------From which ear we hear the sound loudest in, which ear nearest to the sound waves, or turning your head which allows you to use your eyes to locate the source of sound because eyes are better at pinpointing location What is haptic perception? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands How do we sense touch? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------through specialized sensory neurons known as touch receptors with the transduction of skin sensations into neural signals
What are the two types of pain receptors? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------fast acting A-delta fibers that transmit initial sharp pain right away after sudden injury, and slower c fibers that transmit longer-lasting duller pain after initial injury What is the gate control theory?How can it explain why pain can be perceived as better or worse? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the account of pain perception that says signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions. It explains that the brain can release neural feedback in certain situations to gate pain making pain perceptual What is the vestibular system and how is it linked to motion sickness? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the three fluid filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear that control balance along with vision. motion sickness can result when visual information and vestibular feedback mismatch like trying to read a book in a moving car Smell- what stimuli are detected and how? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- odorant molecules are released into the air we breathe and bind to sites on olfactory receptor neurons and we then sent the olfactory nerves What are olfactory neurons? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell How do we experience 1000 different odors with only 350 ORNs? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------each olfactory neuron has receptors that bind to some odorants but not to others. basically the receptors get to pick and choose which odorants based on the unique patterns of neural activity it evokes Why is smell linked to emotion and memory? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- because the olfactory bulb sends outputs to various centers of the brain including parts associated with memory and emotion What taste buds? - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------organs of taste transduction that are within the small bumps on the tongue called papillae What are the five main types of taste receptors? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---salty, sour, sweet, bitter and umami
Who is known as the founder of psychology and first to teach it and open a lab? - -------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Wilhelm Wundt What is the emphasis of Frauds psychoanalytic theory? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------The importance of unconscious mental processes. Who were the founders of humanistic psychology? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Maslow and Rogers What is unconsciousness? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but that influences thoughts, feelings, and actions What is cognitive psychology? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The scientific study of mental processes including perception thought memory and reasoning What is behavioral neuroscience? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes What is evolutionary psychology? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value fo abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection What is empiricism? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation what is the Scientific Method? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A procedure for finding the truth by using empirical evidence What is a theory? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon What is a hypothesis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A falsifiable prediction made by a theory
What is an operational definition? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a description of a property in concrete measurable forms What is validity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Concrete event that defines property What is Reliability? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------That something is producing the same answers when its measured more than once Which refers to whether something is consistent? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Reliablity Which refers to if something is measuring what its suppose to measure? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Validity What is a variable? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------properties whose value can very across individuals or over time What is an experiment? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A technique for establishing a causal relationship between variables What is manipulation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Involves changing a variable in order to determine its causal power What is self selection and why is it a problem for research? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------because it allows people to choose what group they are in based on anything about them making the experiment exposed to more than one difference...no control What does it mean to say that the difference between the control group and the experimental group is statistically significant? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- That it is unlikely to have been caused by a third varibale What is internal validity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------refers to our ability to draw inferences of cause an effect
What is dopamine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior. motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal What is an endorphin? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------endorphin is a neurotransmitter that dulls pain and elevates mood when body is pushed to painful limits...runners high How can drugs interfere with neurotransmitters? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---They mimic an increase the function of neurotransmitters What is an agonist? - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------drugs that interfere with the action of a neurotransmitter What makes up the CNS? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Brain and Spinal cord What is the PNs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Connects the central nervous system to the rest o the bodies organs and muscles What is the path of a reflex? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sensory neurons- up the spine-interneurons-motor neurons- action Function of the cerebellum? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Controls fine motor skills What is the Medulla? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------extension of the spinal cord that coordinates heart rate, respiration and circulation What is the reticular foramen? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Small cluster of neurons that extend out of the medulla, and coordinate wake-fullness, sleep and levels of arousal. severance can cause irreversible coma
What is the Thalamus? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Portion of the midbrain that receives and filters information from the senses and transmits the information into the cerebral cortex What is the hypothalamus? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Portion under the thalamus that regulates hunger, body temperature, thirst and sexual behaviror what is the hippocampus? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Area where memories are made and knowledge is learned What is the amygdala? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------part of the hypocampus that creates emotional memories What is the basal ganglia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------direct intentional movements by receiving inputsW from the cerebral cortex and sending them to the motor cortec What body parts get more space in the samosensory cortex? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The lips an tongue What body parts get more space in the motor cortex? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------The spine What are association areas? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------An area composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex What is the degree of relatedness? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The probability of sharing genes Which hemisphere processes language? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The left What are neuroimaging techniques? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the use of technology to create images of the living healthy brain
What is the beliefs of cognitive unconscious? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- They believe it is a combination fo choices emotions thoughts and behaviors How long does a sleep cycle last? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------about 90 minutes Which sleep stage is the deepest? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------stage 3 Which sleep stage has dreams? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------REM Which sleep stage shows brain activity as if awake? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------REM The motor cortex is active during REM, but why dont we move? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------spinal neurons run though the brain stem and inhibit expression of motor activity What is hypnosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A social interaction in which one person suggests something to someone else and making them change their subjective experience What is hypnotic analgesia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------reduction of pain through hypnosis
NVCC PSY 200-E43L Exam 2
What is sensation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Simple stimulation of a sense organ What is synesthesia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------is a neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to stimulation of another sensory or cognitive pathway
What is perception? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The way the mind organizes, interprets and identifies sensations in order to form mental representation What is transduction? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The way sensory receptors communicate with the brain in which the body converts physical signals from the environment and encodes them into neural signals thay are then sent to the CNS What is psychophysics? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A method that measures the strenght of a stimulus and someones sensitivity to that stimulus What is an absolute threshold? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The minimal intensity need to just barely detect a stimulis in 50% of the trials What is the just noticable difference? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The minimal chance in stimulus that can just barely be noticed. Not a fixed quantifty, and is roughly proportional to the intensity of the stimulus What is webers law? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The just noticable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variation in intensity What is signal detection theory? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The response to a stimulus depends both on a person sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a persons decision criterian What is sensory adaption? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------When you adapt to a condition because your expose was so prolonged We "see" light waves. What are the three properties of light waves and what do they determine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The length of a light wave determines its hue or what we see ass color, the intensity or amplitude of a light wave (how high the peaks are) determine what we see as brightness, and the purity is the number of distinct wavelengths that make up the light or what we percieve as saturation What is the cornea? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A clear smooth outer tissue thay light first passes through
How do we see more than three colors? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Because objects selectively absorb some wavelenghts of light and reflect others What is color afterimaging and why does it occur? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----When you stare at a color too long it fatigues the cones that respond and you will probably see a tint of that color for a while What are feature detectors? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Neurons that respond to specific orientations of edges What is perceptual constancy? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The tendancy of humans and animals to see familiar objects as having a standard shape, size, and color regardless of locations,distance, lighting, or angle Whos idea is it that we percieve things as an organized whole? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------This is the belief of gestalt psychology What is perceptual simplicity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------When confronted with two or more possible interpretations of an objects shape the visual system tends to simplest or more likely interpretation What is perceptual closure? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------We tend to fill in missing parts of visual scenes filling in edges divided by gaps to make complete objects What is perceptual continuity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------When edges or contours have the same orientation we tend to group them together perceptually What is perceptual similarity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Regions that are similar in color, lightness, shape or texture are percieve as belonging to the same object What is perceptual proximity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Objects that are close together tend to be grouped together. We percieve them in clumps What is perceptive common fate? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------When that images move together are percieved as part of a single moving object
What is figure- ground? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Words on a paper are figural and the ground is the is the actual peice of paper they are on What are monocular depth cues? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye. What is relative size? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------When you view images the object you perceive as smaller appears father away What is linear perspective? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The phenomenon that parallel lines seem to converge as they recede into the distance What is texture gradient? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------when the size of elements on a patterned surface grow smaller as the surface recedes from the viewer What is interposition? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------When one object is block another you can assume that the blocking object is closer than the one being blocked? What is relative height? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------When objects that are closer to you are lower in your visual field but objects that are far are higher What is binocular disparity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------because both our eyes are separated they use the difference to provide information about depth What is change blindness? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------something that occurs when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene What is in-attentional blindness? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention We 'hear' sound waves. What are the three properties of sound waves and what do they determine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Frequency (or wave length) of a sound wave is how often the peak in air pressure passes the ear and determines pitch, Amplitude of a sound wave refers to height relative to the threshold of human hearing
would reach for a white rat for several trials, and eventually the sight of the rat alone made Albert tremble in fear what is acquisition? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together What is extinction? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US how does extinction occur in classical conditioning? (CC) ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------the conditioned stimulus is presented but no unconditioned stimulus so for example pavlov would ring the bell but wouldn't bring food out so the salivation gradually dissipated until it fully stopped What is spontaneous recovery? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period What is generalization? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the conditioned response is observed even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the conditioned stimulus used during acquisition What is discrimination? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli The Rescorla- Wagner predicts that classical conditioning would be easier when the CS was what? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------unfamiliar event What is biological preparedness? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others so that some behaviors are easier to condition in some species but not others How did Garcia and others (1966) show that things that are evolutionarily adaptive might be more easily conditioned? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Because we learn to avoid foods that once made us ill. Rats were more likely to be adverse to a conditioned stimulus they are unfamiliar with
What is operant conditioning? (OC) and how is it different from classical conditioning? -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------is the type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future Which conditioning looks at reactive behaviors, OC or CC? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Classical conditioning Which conditioning looks at active behaviors, OC or CC? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Operant conditioning Which conditioning pairs a response with a consequence, OC or CC? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Operant conditioning Which conditioning pairs two stimuli, OC or CC? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---Classical conditioning What is the law of effect and which researchers are associated with it? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated. Thorndike developed this What is operant behavior? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------refers to behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment What is a reinforcer? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it What is a punisher? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it What is positive reinforcement? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------where a reward stimulus is added What is negative reinforcement? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------where an unpleasant reinforcement is removed
Gambling operates under which type of reinforcement schedule? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------intermittent reinforcement What schedule of reinforcement leads to highest rate of response? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------variable ratio schedule What is shaping and how can it be use to teach new behavior? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------is learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior. at each step when the proper thing is done there is a reinforcer so then that will make the person want to do the step What is latent learning? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future What is a cognitive map? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a mental representation of the physical features of the environment What are the Tolman and Honzik studies and how did they challenge the notion that there was not a cognitive component to learning? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----shows that rats actively process information rather than operating on a stimulus response relationship. The rats reached their goals without any reinforcement showing evidence of latent learning What are the brains pleasure centers? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle and hypothalamus How did the Breland's find that operant conditioning is constrained by evolution? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------their work showed that all species including humans are biologically predisposed to learn some things easier than others, and respond to stimuli in ways that are consistent with their evolutionary histories through the studies of pigs and raccoons and how they would dig coins into the dirt like food instead of putting them in a box What is observational learning? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------when you learn stuff from watching others actions
What are the Bandura's bobo doll studies? how does seeing the model be punishes or rewarded influence the amount of modeling that occurs? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Children observed an adult aggressively play with the bobo doll, and after observing this they were twice as likely tp play with the doll aggressively as well. When the kids saw that the model was being punished they decreased aggressiveness and when they saw them being rewarded they increased in aggressiveness What are mirror neurons? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a type of cell found in the frontal and parietal lobes of primates. They fire when an animal does something or sees someone else do something which they use and contribute to observational learning What is implicit learning? example? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition. an example is like how back then no one knew hoe to type using thumbs but about all teenagers do it automatically What is habituation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a type of implicit learning in which repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a reduced response for example you were probably scared when you heard car horns when you were on the highway at first but now you are not startled at all what are the best techniques for studying? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- practice testing, distributed practice what are the worst techniques in studying? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- summarization, highlighting/underlining, keyword mnemonic, imagery for text, and rereading What is memory? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the ability to store and retrieve information over time What is encoding? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the process of transforming what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory What is storage? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the process of maintaining information in memory over time
