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NYSTCE CST Social Studies Latest Complete
Exam Questions Graded A+ With Answers
Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican Civilizations Maya- 2000 bc- 1697 ad Aztec-Ethnic groups of central Mexico dominant in large areas of Mesoamerica in the 14th-16th centuries Pre-Columbian Andean Civilizations Inca- largest pre-columbian empire in 15th-16th centuries Moche- northern Peru between 100- 800 - Huaca del Sol Cañaris- Southern Equador- eventually conquered by Inca Pilgrims English Separatists who believed there was no fixing Church of England- embarked on Mayflower in 1 620 - established Plymouth plantation William Bradford A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
Mayflower Compact 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. Conquistadors Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain- first used natives as slaves until their populations were decimated by European disease and overwork- replaced by imported African slaves Encomienda System A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills, a disguised form of slavery Hacienda System Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy. Similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners
New Jersey Plan The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. Connecticut Compromise The compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention that established two houses of Congress: the House of Representatives, in which representation is based on a state's share of the U.S. population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives. Navigation Acts Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican- American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected Battle of Chapultepec
sept 12 1847 victory over Mexican forces holding down Chapultepec castle west of Mexico City during the Mexican American war. Winfield Scott led the attack. US victory Tenure of Office Act 1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime". Populist Party Founded 1891 - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers Erie Canal A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Great Awakening Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba Communist Party A political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and V.I Lenin originally the Russian Bolshevik- a political party that believes the government should control all production and distribution of goods and working people should control their own lives and destinies Gorbachev Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms- called for economic reform and a greater emphasis on human rights throughout Eastern Europe. Central Committee Supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership. Great Society Program A set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.
Department of Housing and Urban Development Created by Congress in 1965, it was 11th in cabinet office. Afro-American economist Dr. Robert C. Weaver was named head, and the department regulated and monitored housing and suburban development. It also provided rent supplements for low-income families. Five Fundamentals General Assembly of 1910 proposed and adopted five "essential and necessary" doctrines (which paralleled the five points of Fundamentalism) and became the debate between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The Essentials were adopted and reaffirmed in 1916 and again in 1923.
- inerrancy of the Bible
- the Virgin birth of Christ
- the substitutionary atonement
- the bodily resurrection of Christ
- and the authenticity of miracles. Satrap a provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire. Age of Absolutism
series of meetings in the 70s, in which leaders of the US and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons GI Bill Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterens as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterens to buy homes and start businesses. War Powers Act of 1973 In 1973, Congress passed this law which gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress. requires that soldiers sent into military action overseas by the President be brought back unless Congress approves the action. Equal Rights Amendment A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. Ziggurat
A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. Associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. Athenian Culture This culture was very artistic and intellectual. It lead to the creation of some of the most fundamental forms of many governments today. Counter Reformation the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected). Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church. Charlemagne King of the Franks (r. 768-814): Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe Holy Roman Emperor Title given to a person who had charge of not only the empire, but also the church
Inquisition A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. The Crusades A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Paul of Tarsus A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him. Disciple whose letters defined Christianity as separate from Judaism Cash Crops crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit Southern Plantations The wealthy planters became the most powerful men in their regions. Their estates became self-sufficient communities, and most manual labor was performed by the slaves.
Articles of Confederation 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Presidential Veto a president's authority to reject a bill passed by Congress; may be overridden only by a two-thirds majority in each house Office of Management and Budget An office that prepares the president's budget and also advises presidents on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations. Federalist Party 1792 - 1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until
- Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans. Anti-Federalists
Fifth Amendment A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law. Iroquois Confederacy An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida)(after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. Mecca City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. Electoral College a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. discretionary spending
Federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process Mercator Projection A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized. Robinson Projection A projection that maintains overall shapes and relative positions without extreme distortion. Most classrooms use this projection. Homolosine Projection compromise projection that is also called an interrupted map and shows accurate shapes and sizes of land, but distorts compass direction Azimuthal Projection a map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the globe onto a plane
Savanna An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes plate movement mainly the coming together and the moving apart of tectonic plates oceanic plate Thin plates that form the ocean floor; more dense than continental plates. continental plate tectonic plate that lies under a continent tropical rainforest Forests in which rainfall is abundant - more that 200 cm (80 in) per year - and temperatures are warm or hot year-round Suez Canal
A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea population density A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land demographic variables characteristics of populations that may be considered in developing a segmentation strategy- age, gender, race, ethnicity, income, education, occupation, family size, family life cycle, religion, social class primary economic activity economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture secondary economic activity economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector tertiary economic activity
