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Behaviorism - Correct Answer people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid punishments. Reinforcement - Correct Answer meant to increase a good behavior; a reward Punishment - Correct Answer meant to decrease bad behavior Positive reinforcement - Correct Answer involves giving someone something that he or she wants Negative reinforcement - Correct Answer taking away something that someone does not want Positive punishment - Correct Answer involves giving someone something that he or she does not want Negative punishment - Correct Answer involves taking away something that someone does want Extinction - Correct Answer decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button Constructivism - Correct Answer a philosophy of education that says that people construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world Social learning - Correct Answer learning through interactions with other people Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development - Correct Answer people learn best from other people who are just a little ahead of them Project-based learning (PBL) - Correct Answer focuses on giving an open-ended question and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best solution to the problem 4 Steps to PBL - Correct Answer 1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan. Critical Theory - Correct Answer a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of society Learning - Correct Answer involves storing and accessing information in memory information processing theory of learning - Correct Answer information from the world around us moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory working memory - Correct Answer storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the past long-term memory - Correct Answer memories that are stored for a person to access later cognitive load - Correct Answer having too much information in working memory and not being able to remember anything chunking - Correct Answer grouping information together to help remember it Automaticity - Correct Answer process of making a task automatic Pragmatism - Correct Answer an educational philosophy that says that education should be about life and growth; teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people practical learning - Correct Answer education should apply to the real world experiential learning - Correct Answer education should come through experience Progressivism - Correct Answer the idea that education does from the experience of the child whole child - Correct Answer teaching students to be good citizens and not just good learners active learning - Correct Answer curriculum that is guided by the children Realism - Correct Answer a philosophy started by the ancient Greek writer, Aristotle. It states that there is a true reality, and things exist whether humans perceive them or not. Educational realism - Correct Answer the belief that we should study logic, critical thinking, and the scientific method to teach students to perceive and understand reality. Heavy emphasis on math and science Law of exercise - Correct Answer the more you do something the better you are at it. ‘Practice makes perfect!’ Law of readiness - Correct Answer S-R bonds are stronger if an individual is ready to learn. That is, a student who is not ready to learn will often not learn, but when a student is mentally prepared to learn, it is likely that they will. Learner-centered classrooms - Correct Answer Classrooms in which the student is the focus of all activities and learning, with the teacher acting as a facilitator and guide on the side. Why is it important to know you r students interests and career goals in high school? - Correct Answer So you can tailor your instruction and relationship toward helming them achieve those goals. learning programs - Correct Answer lessons and activities in the classroom When designing learning programs, teachers need to make sure they consider several aspects about students, including: - Correct Answer student needs; student backgrounds; student perspectives; and student interests. In order to create an environment that supports learning for all her students, she needs to pay special attention to several things: - Correct Answer 1. Curriculum and instruction is determined in response to students’ needs and perspectives. 2. Instruction is based on student learner profiles. 3. Lessons are designed to build on background knowledge. Learning activities - Correct Answer events students participate in that support learning, considering the students’ unique needs and perspectives. differentiate - Correct Answer change up content learning objectives - Correct Answer topics that are required to cover learner profile - Correct Answer students’ cultures, genders, learning styles, and other aspects all go into making them who they are and contribute to how they learn To differentiate for students, a teacher can: - Correct Answer 1. differentiate teaching methods so different styles of learning, such as tactile and auditory, are incorporated. 2. teach in whole and small group situations. 3. reinforce learning in one-on-one learning sessions collaborative learning environment - Correct Answer students know their own and each other's strengths and struggles. Diversity in the classroom - Correct Answer cultural diversity, but also diversity in skills, knowledge, and needs Who should you consult with if you are struggling to meet a certain student's needs? - Correct Answer A specialist in the area the student is struggling How van you learn about your students’ cultural backgrounds? - Correct Answer Talk to the student's parents and families self-esteem - Correct Answer self-worth; how someone feels about themselves role-model - Correct Answer a person who serves as an example that others should imitate behavior expectations - Correct Answer how the teacher wants the students to act in class How can teachers be good role-models to promote positive interactions among students? - Correct Answer show respect to students What should teachers establish that lets students know how they're expected to act? - Correct Answer behavior expectations 
