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NYSTCE ESOL CST 116 LATEST 2024 EXAM 100% Accurate Complete 400 Real Exam Question
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Intonation the way the voice rises and falls in speech morpheme the smallest unit of meaning in a language Abraham Maslow developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the unconscious desires that motivate people subordinating conjunction joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to which it is related voiceless sounds sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords Howard Gardner
created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential independent (or main) clause a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence one-word stage stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a single word to convey a full meaning humor stage stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture SIFE Students with Interrupted Formal Education labial consonant sound sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together (m) gerund phrase phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in - ing and act as nouns)
inferential item a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between the lines in order to determine what an author is implying communicative competence the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure two-word stage stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use word combinations early stage of literacy development characterized by the learner's use of multiple strategies to predict and understand words intermediate fluency fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct many of their own errors free morpheme a morpheme that can stand on its own literal item
information that refers directly back to the content of the reading material where the answer is defined word by word monitor hypothesis knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech validity indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable scaffold the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is gradually removed as the learner gains mastery positive behavioral support a social learning approach that assumes all persistent behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) language needed for academic work and study natural order hypothesis one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified School District had denied Chinese- speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities; the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the language needs of non-English-speaking students. total physical response (TPR) an instructional method that provides students, particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by listening to and following spoken comands bound morpheme a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning sociolinguistics the study of language and its relation to society and culture sheltered instruction provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado 1973 Supreme Court decision ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students infinitive phrase a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
extrinsic motivation motivation driven by external rewards English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards identify the target language development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning discourse competence the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles clause contains both a subject and a predicate relative pronoun a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live in Texas, which is a big state.) utterances speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are surrounded on both sides by silence indirect teaching
induction process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial and error listening guides statements or questions that provide instructional focus when listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction Language Experience Approach (LEA) uses learners' prior knowledge and experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning of each individual student cooperative learning when the teacher places students into small groups and gives them a task to complete together discovery learning when students perform experiments or research information to comprehend new concepts diagnostic assessment given before a learning experience to measure the students' baseline knowledge cognates visually similar words
schema the framework of understanding in a child's brain underextension when a child's definition of a word is too narrow strategic competence the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting guided practice practicing a new concept with scaffolded support from the teacher English-Language Learner (ELL) student whose native language is not English monochronic cultures culture in which time is seen as linear, with one event happening at a time Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) federal law that prohibits schools from sharing identifiable information about students
gerund noun that is formed by adding "-ing" to a verb fluency stage stage of literacy development; characterized by the ability to maintain meaning throughout longer and more complex texts push-in ESOL programs when ESOL teachers travel to content classrooms, providing additional support and services to language learners; intended to maximize the time English language learners spend in general education content classrooms Edward Thorndike researcher whose work initially led to operant conditioning; his learning laws include the law of effect, the law of readiness, and the law of exercise epenthesis inserting an additional sound in the middle of a word Lawrence Kohlberg identified the stages of moral development emergent literacy stage stage of literacy development; the competencies that are developed in early childhood and preschool
cognitive process acquisition of new knowledge and skills and the ability to apply new learning to new situations and draw conclusions from it preoperational stage 2nd stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; 2-7 years of age; a child's intelligence is progressively demonstrated through his or her use of symbols hostility stage stage of acculturation; students are getting comfortable with getting around and meeting basic needs, but they may feel at odds with the new culture and may be homesick concrete operational stage 3rd stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory; 7-11 years of age; children demonstrate increased intelligence through logical and organized methods of thinking input hypothesis 1 of the 5 hypotheses of the monitor model; states that comprehensible input is necessary for students who are in the process of acquiring a new language voicing when a voiceless consonant changes to a voiced consonant because of nearby sounds
a variety of a language used in a particular setting communicative approach a combination of several methods of language instruction based on the notion that successful language acquisition comes from the need to communicate real meaning intrinsic motivation one's personal drive to succeed or learn Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination based on disabilities; in schools, this includes activities that take place both on and off campus, including athletics and extracurricular activities complex sentence has only one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses sensorimotor stage 1st stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; B-2 years of age; a child's knowledge is based upon physical interactions and experiences remediation the additional support provided to regular education students to bridge gaps in learning
positive transfer when students find similarities between their native language and English and use those similarities to aid in their learning compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses and one or more dependent clause determiner the articles "a," "an," and "the" morpheme acquisition order the pattern in which morphemes are learned as people acquire language poverty of stimulus assertion by Noam Chomsky that children are not born with enough exposure to their native languages to explain their ability to understand phonemes, and therefore this exposure cannot account for the sum of their learned language connectionism holds that language comprehension and production abilities develop through continual engagement with language grapheme
reinforcement the process of strengthening behavior through rewards or consequences interdisciplinary unit a unit of student in which content from all subject areas is integrated authentic materials materials intended for use by native language speakers and not second-language learners productive language skills abilities related to producing comprehensible language from within, such as in writing and speaking tasks home stage stage of acculturation; students are comfortable within their new culture and embrace it as home receptive language skills abilities related to understanding language that is received from an external source, such as oral directions and commentary, visuals, sounds, and written words adverb clause a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main or independent clause of a sentence
interjection word that expresses emotion, such as "Oh" or "Wow" derivational morpheme morpheme that creates a word that has a new meaning or part of speech whole language approach the idea that learners should start at the top and work their way down, meaning that language should be considered in its complete form prior to being broken down into smaller pieces transitive verb verb that requires a direct object voiced sound sound made by vibrating the vocal chords assertive discipline a classroom management technique in which the teacher takes clear control over the classroom and its dynamics individualized education plan (IEP) an annual meeting for each special education student that outlines the student's learning goals and identifies the accommodations and modifications that will be offered to the student
