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Module 1:Module 1: Article 1156 of the Civil CodeArticle 1156 of the Civil Code of the Philippines,of the Philippines,
- NeNew Cw Civivilil CoCodede ofof ththe Pe Phihililippppinineses
- mga bmga bataatas na ns na nagsagsasaasaad kuad kung png panoano makmakituitungongo sa bsa bawaawat ist isaa
- totookok efeffefectct onon AuAugugustst 3030,1,195 9500
AnAn obligationobligation is ais a juridical necessityjuridical necessity toto givegive, to, to dodo oror not to donot to do..
- juridjuridical nical necessecessity:ity: maari kmaari kang i-ang i-demandemand sa kod sa korte kurte kung hing hindi mondi mo na-cona-comply ymply yung nung naipanaipangakogako mong gagawin mo sa ibang taomong gagawin mo sa ibang tao
●● A civil obligation is enforceableA civil obligation is enforceable by court action unlikeby court action unlike natural obligations.natural obligations.
Natural obligationsNatural obligations are civil obligations but because of theare civil obligations but because of the long passage of time, your rights about thatlong passage of time, your rights about that subject matter “expire” or be prescribed.subject matter “expire” or be prescribed.
Example ofExample of prescriptive periodprescriptive period::
- oblobligaigatiotionsns ariarisinsingg frofrom am a wriwrittetten cn contontracractt
Under the Law,Under the Law, 10 years10 years lang bago maglang bago mag prescribed yung rights mo.prescribed yung rights mo.
●● example: ikaw ay nagpautang, at yung utang naexample: ikaw ay nagpautang, at yung utang na yon ay nasa written contract, sabi sayon ay nasa written contract, sabi sa batas sa loobbatas sa loob
ng 10 years you need to do things and exert effort such as give a demand letter for you to collectng 10 years you need to do things and exert effort such as give a demand letter for you to collect yung mga utang sayo. After 10yung mga utang sayo. After 10 years nag-eexpire or nag-prescribe na ang karapatan mongyears nag-eexpire or nag-prescribe na ang karapatan mong makakolektamakakolekta
●● May civil obligation ka at yung nangutang sayo sa loob ngMay civil obligation ka at yung nangutang sayo sa loob ng 10 years10 years
●● After 10 years kung wala kangAfter 10 years kung wala kang ginawang paniningil ng utang, yung civil obligation mo magigingginawang paniningil ng utang, yung civil obligation mo magiging
natural obligation na langnatural obligation na lang
○○ May obligation pa rin siyang magbayad sayo pero hindi mo naMay obligation pa rin siyang magbayad sayo pero hindi mo na siya pwedeng kasuhansiya pwedeng kasuhan
○○ Voluntarily na lang yung pagbabayad niyaVoluntarily na lang yung pagbabayad niya sayo since nagprescribed nasayo since nagprescribed na yung katapatanyung katapatan
mo, hindi mo na siyamo, hindi mo na siya pwedeng takutin na dadalhin sa kortepwedeng takutin na dadalhin sa korte
●● Question: Yung mga utang ba na nag prescribed naQuestion: Yung mga utang ba na nag prescribed na pwede pa rin bayaran?pwede pa rin bayaran?
○○ YESYES especially if the payor isespecially if the payor is voluntarily paying even after the prescriptive periodvoluntarily paying even after the prescriptive period
●● Question: What if after ng bayaran bigla siyang nagipit and kailangan naQuestion: What if after ng bayaran bigla siyang nagipit and kailangan na niya ulit yung pera?niya ulit yung pera?
Pwede niya ba bang bawiin sayo yung binayad niyaPwede niya ba bang bawiin sayo yung binayad niya na sayo dati para sana sayo dati para sa isang nagprescribed naisang nagprescribed na utang?utang?
○○ NONO^ hindi na pwedeng bawiin. The amount paid sa isanghindi na pwedeng bawiin. The amount paid sa isang natural obligation na lamang aynatural obligation na lamang ay
hindi na pwede ma-recover kasi it’s considered ahindi na pwede ma-recover kasi it’s considered a valid payment.valid payment.
○○ The manner of paying is anThe manner of paying is an admission on the part of theadmission on the part of the debtor na may kailangan padebtor na may kailangan pa
siyang bayaran na utang. Kahit nagprescribed or nag-expire na, in-acknowledge pa rinsiyang bayaran na utang. Kahit nagprescribed or nag-expire na, in-acknowledge pa rin niya na may utang paniya na may utang pa siya and bawal na bawiin yung binayad nya.siya and bawal na bawiin yung binayad nya.
Requisites/ Elements of an obligation:Requisites/ Elements of an obligation: a.a. Active subject (creditor or obligee)Active subject (creditor or obligee) - the party who has the right to demand performance of the- the party who has the right to demand performance of the obligationobligation
○○ Sa oras ng singilan, siya yung masSa oras ng singilan, siya yung mas may gustong may push through yung event kayamay gustong may push through yung event kaya
active subjectactive subject b.b. Passive Subject (debtor or obligor)Passive Subject (debtor or obligor) - the party- the party who is required to perform thewho is required to perform the obligationobligation
○○ Ang mga may utang usually tahimik lang hangga’t hindi ka paAng mga may utang usually tahimik lang hangga’t hindi ka pa sinisingil or hindi agadsinisingil or hindi agad
mag-volunteer kasi ikaw yung mawawalan ng pera. Tahimik: passivemag-volunteer kasi ikaw yung mawawalan ng pera. Tahimik: passive c.c. (^) Prestation (object or subject matter)Prestation (object or subject matter) - it- it may consist of giving, doing, or not doing something.may consist of giving, doing, or not doing something.
○○ ito yung kailangang gawinito yung kailangang gawin
d.d. (^) Efficient cause (vinculum juris or juridical tie)Efficient cause (vinculum juris or juridical tie) - that which binds the- that which binds the parties of an obligationparties of an obligation
○○ Reason why need gawin ni passive subject yung obligation niya kay active subjectReason why need gawin ni passive subject yung obligation niya kay active subject
Illustration:Illustration: Through a contract of loan, Diego borrowed P1,000,000 from CardoThrough a contract of loan, Diego borrowed P1,000,000 from Cardo a year ago.a year ago. On the maturity date,On the maturity date, who/what is the active subject, passive subjective, prestation and the efficient cause?who/what is the active subject, passive subjective, prestation and the efficient cause?
●● Active subject: CardoActive subject: Cardo
●● Passive subject: DiegoPassive subject: Diego
●● Prestation: the giving of P1,000,000Prestation: the giving of P1,000,
●● Efficient cause: contract of loanEfficient cause: contract of loan
Forms of an obligation:Forms of an obligation: aa.. OOrraall b.b. In writingIn writing c.c. ParPartlytly oraoral al and pnd partartly ily in wn writritinging
Kinds of obligation according to the subjectKinds of obligation according to the subject mattermatter a.a. ReRealal ObObliligagatitiononss
○○ latin word “latin word “resres”- object”- object
○○ Real obligations is the giving of an objectReal obligations is the giving of an object
○○ represents to giverepresents to give
○○ Example: magbigay ka, magdeliver ka ng cellphoneExample: magbigay ka, magdeliver ka ng cellphone
b.b. PePersrsononal Oal Oblbligigatatioionsns 1.1. PosPositiitiveve perpersonsonalal oblobligaigatiotionn
■■ represents to dorepresents to do
■■ Gumawa ng bahay, kumanta sa concertGumawa ng bahay, kumanta sa concert
2.2. NegNegatiativeve perpersonsonalal oblobligaigatiotionn
■■ represents not to dorepresents not to do
■■ Huwag mong gawin yung bagay na yonHuwag mong gawin yung bagay na yon
■■ Huwag mong harangan yung daanan ng kapitbahay (right of way)Huwag mong harangan yung daanan ng kapitbahay (right of way)
Sources of Obligation:Sources of Obligation: Article 1157.Article 1157. Obligations arise from:Obligations arise from: 1 1.. LLaaww
○○ It is a ruleIt is a rule of conduct, just and obligatory, laid down by legitimate authority for commonof conduct, just and obligatory, laid down by legitimate authority for common
observance and benefit.observance and benefit.
○○ Article 1158Article 1158
- QueQuestistion: won: what ihat if sinf sinabi nabi ng kapg kapitbitbahaahay mo na by mo na bakiakit mo pit mo pinaanaayosyos,, sino nagbigay ng consent?sino nagbigay ng consent? ANG BATAS MISMO ANGANG BATAS MISMO ANG NAGSABI OR NAGBIGAY NG CONSENT.NAGSABI OR NAGBIGAY NG CONSENT.
- AngAng poipoint ont of vif view new ng bag batastas is iis if yuf yung mang may-ay-ari anri ang nasg nasa baha bahayay and nakikita niya na sira na angand nakikita niya na sira na ang hawla, yon din naman anghawla, yon din naman ang gagawin niya. And kung may ibang tao nagagawin niya. And kung may ibang tao na gumawa non paragumawa non para sayo, it is your obligation to reimburse.sayo, it is your obligation to reimburse.
■■ Solutio indebitiSolutio indebiti
- ThisThis referrefers tos to the pthe paymenayment byt by mistamistake oke of anf an obliobligatigation, ion, in exn excesscess of wof whathat should have been paid or payment toshould have been paid or payment to a person not due to receivea person not due to receive it.it.
- NamNamali aali ang bang bayad oyad or sumor sumobra anbra ang bayg bayad, maad, may obly obligaigatiotion tayn tayo na ibao na ibaliklik ito.ito.
- HinHindi ka pdi ka pwedwedeng meng makiakinabnabang aang at the et the expexpense onse of anof anothether perr personson.. 4 4.. DDeelliiccttss
- ThesThese are ace are acts or ots or omissmissions pions punisunishablehable by lawby law. This. This refersrefers to crito crimes or fmes or felonelonies deies definedfined under the law to beunder the law to be punishable as such.punishable as such.
- RevReviseised Pend Penal Coal Code:de: lawlaws abs aboutout cricrimesmes, sp, speciecial pal penaenal lawl lawss
- PinagPinagmumulmumulan ng oan ng obligbligationation ang criang crimes kames kasi maysi may crimicriminal linal liabiliability na mty na makukuakukulong klong ka ata at meron ding civil liability na kailangan may babayaran kameron ding civil liability na kailangan may babayaran ka
- A perA person tson that ihat is cris criminminallally liay liable ible is alss also civo civillilly liay liableble..
- ExampExample:le: crimecrime of arof arsonson (panu(panunuyonuyog ngg ng bagaybagay na pna pagmamagmamay-ariay-ari ng ing ibangbang tao)tao) makukulong ka na at kailangan mo pamakukulong ka na at kailangan mo pa i-reimburse yung halaga ng nasunog moi-reimburse yung halaga ng nasunog mo 5.5. QuQuasasi-i-DeDelilictctss
- ttorort ot or cr cululpapa aqaquiuililiananaa
- ThereThere are actare acts or oms or omissiissions thons that cauat cause damase damage to age to anothnother. Theer. There beire being faung fault or nlt or negligegligenceence but without anybut without any existing contractuaexisting contractual relation between the partl relation between the parties. There is now anies. There is now an obligation to pay for damages.obligation to pay for damages.
- ““PPaarraanngg ccrriimmee””
- IntentIntent: meron sa crime: meron sa crime wala sa quasi-delictwala sa quasi-delict
- Sa cSa crimrime, ne, nandandonon yunyung ing intententiotion mn mo nao na makmakasaasakitkit
- Sa quSa quasi-dasi-delictelict walanwalang intg intentioention nan na makasmakasakitakit peropero nakasnakasakitakit ka paka pa rin drin due toue to negligencenegligence
- ExampExample: nle: nagmamagmamanehoaneho ka ngka ng sasaksasakyan pyan pero dero dahilahil sa pasa pagmamadgmamadali kali ka, naka, nakasagaasagasa kasa ka (wala kang intent pero dahil sa negligence mo nakaasksidente ka) so(wala kang intent pero dahil sa negligence mo nakaasksidente ka) so you have to pay foryou have to pay for the damages such as bill sathe damages such as bill sa hospitalhospital
Nature and Effect ofNature and Effect of ObligationsObligations Article 1163Article 1163
- Every pEvery personerson obliobliged to gged to give soive somethimething is alng is also oblso obliged tiged to take cao take care of it wre of it with thith the propee proper dilir diligencegence of a good fatherof a good father of a family, unless theof a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires anotherlaw or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care.standard of care.
- tuladtulad ng isng isang paang pag-aalg-aalaga ngaga ng isangisang ama saama sa isangisang pamilpamilya: gaya: gagawigawin mo ann mo ang lahag lahat parat para hindhindii mapahamak ang iyong mag-inamapahamak ang iyong mag-ina
- ExampExample: nle: nagtiagtitindtinda ka na ka ng petg pets at ms at may buay bumilimili sayosayo ng asng aso tapo tapos ios iddeliddeliver mover mo sa busa buyeryer next week. Hindi porket bayad na, pababayaan monext week. Hindi porket bayad na, pababayaan mo na lang yung aso. Proper diligence ofna lang yung aso. Proper diligence of a good father of aa good father of a family implies na kailangan alagaan mo pafamily implies na kailangan alagaan mo pa rin siya.rin siya.
- UnlUnlessess nannanghighihinhingigi pa npa ng hg highigher ser stantandardard ofd of carcaree
- ExampExample: ele: everytverytime sime sumasaumasakay tkay tayo sayo sa jeepa jeep and oand other pther publiublic tranc transportsportationation, we e, we enter anter a contract of carriage. Under the law, it requires the kind of care nacontract of carriage. Under the law, it requires the kind of care na extraordinaryextraordinary diligencediligence, ibig sabihin na ganon ka dapat, ibig sabihin na ganon ka dapat alagaan ng mga transportation vehicles.alagaan ng mga transportation vehicles. Pinapangako ng drivers na safe ka makakarating kaPinapangako ng drivers na safe ka makakarating ka sa pupuntahan mo and if naaksidentesa pupuntahan mo and if naaksidente kayo, that is a breachkayo, that is a breach of contract dahil hindi nasunod ng driver yung extraordinaryof contract dahil hindi nasunod ng driver yung extraordinary diligencediligence
- PagsaPagsasakaysakay ka ngka ng jeepjeep at hiat hindi kndi ka pa na pa nakakaakakaupo aupo at nast nasubsobubsob ka, lika, liableable pa rinpa rin yung driver dahil hindi niya in-exercise yung extraordinary diligence. It is ayung driver dahil hindi niya in-exercise yung extraordinary diligence. It is a violation to take good care of theviolation to take good care of the passengers.passengers.
Determinate/specific thing vs. Generic thingDeterminate/specific thing vs. Generic thing
●● A thing is considered to beA thing is considered to be determinatedeterminate if itif it isis particularly designated andparticularly designated and physicallyphysically
segregated from all other objects of the same class.segregated from all other objects of the same class. Example:Example: 1.1. I will givI will give you a Toyote you a Toyota vios wita vios with plate nuh plate number ABC1mber ABC123. - Nagi23. - Naging mas speng mas specific wicific with the plth the plateate number kasi bawat kotse ay maynumber kasi bawat kotse ay may plate number but sya lang yung mayplate number but sya lang yung may number na ganon.number na ganon. 2.2. I will givI will give you a house le you a house locateocated at 54B Scoud at 54B Scout Tuazot Tuazon, Quezon, Quezon City. (Spn City. (Specifiecific becausc because of thee of the location)location) 3.3. I will givI will give you the pen te you the pen that I am holdhat I am holding riging right nowht now. - Kahit hin. - Kahit hindi mo pangdi mo pangalanaalanan, but you arn, but you aree pertaining to a specifipertaining to a specific object.c object.
●● AA generic thinggeneric thing is identified only by its species. Theis identified only by its species. The debtor can give anything of the samedebtor can give anything of the same classclass
as long as it is of the same kind.as long as it is of the same kind. Example: I will give you aExample: I will give you a car. - Generic object kasicar. - Generic object kasi maraming uri ng kotse.maraming uri ng kotse.
You need to identify kung ano ang determinate or specific kasi yunYou need to identify kung ano ang determinate or specific kasi yun yung kailangan mo alagaan sayung kailangan mo alagaan sa obligation mo. Correlating sa example in the pet shop: hindi lang basta aso yung aalagaan mo, kundi siobligation mo. Correlating sa example in the pet shop: hindi lang basta aso yung aalagaan mo, kundi si Casper na binili mo. And if hindi i-specify like: ICasper na binili mo. And if hindi i-specify like: I will give you a dog;will give you a dog; pwedeng hindi mo alagaan ng todopwedeng hindi mo alagaan ng todo yung aso kasi kung mayung aso kasi kung mamatay man, matutumatay man, matutupad mo pa rin yung papad mo pa rin yung pangako or obligatngako or obligation mo na magbigion mo na magbigay ngay ng aso.aso.
- GenuGenus nuns nungram pgram perit:erit: genusgenus nevenever perir perishesshes, na k, na kahitahit mamatmamatay yuay yung asng aso mayo may iba piba paa namang aso sa ibang lugarnamang aso sa ibang lugar
WhatWhat areare the obligationsthe obligations of aof a debtor obligeddebtor obliged to giveto give a determinatea determinate thing?thing? 1 1.. TToo ttaakkee good caregood care ofof the thingthe thing with thewith the diligence of a good father of a familydiligence of a good father of a family unlessunless thethe law or agreementlaw or agreement of the partiesof the parties requires another standard ofrequires another standard of care.care. 2 2.. TToo deliver the thingdeliver the thing..
- Ang dAng delieliververy ng suy ng subjebject matct matter ater ang nang nakapkapagpagpapaapalit nlit ng owng ownersershiphip
- Pag naPag nadelideliver na nver na ni selli seller kay ber kay buyer yuyer yung sung subjecubject mattt matter, ther, that’s tat’s the onhe only timly time na nae na nalilililipatpat yung ownership.yung ownership. 3 3.. TToo deliver the fruits of the thingdeliver the fruits of the thing..
owner since na tanggap mo naowner since na tanggap mo na upon delivery, kaya hindi na pwedeng kunin sayo. Ifupon delivery, kaya hindi na pwedeng kunin sayo. If ever may kumuhaever may kumuha nung aso sayo, pwede mo nanung aso sayo, pwede mo na kasuhan.kasuhan. Yung personal right mo magiging real right pag na-delivery na sayo.Yung personal right mo magiging real right pag na-delivery na sayo. Pag wala pang delivery, ang pwedePag wala pang delivery, ang pwede mo lang habulin ay yung nagtitinda.mo lang habulin ay yung nagtitinda.
- OwnerOwnershipship overover proppropertieerties as are are acquircquired aed andnd trantransmitsmittedted by dby deliveelivery.ry.
Accessions VS AccessoriesAccessions VS Accessories Article 1166Article 1166
- The oblThe obligatiigations to gons to give a deive a determiterminate thnate thing ining includecludes that os that of delif deliverinvering all itg all its access accessionsions ands and accessories, even though they may not have beenaccessories, even though they may not have been mentioned.mentioned.
●● AccessionsAccessions: they are everything that is: they are everything that is incorporated or attached to a thing, either naturally orincorporated or attached to a thing, either naturally or
artificially.artificially. a.a. ExampExample: ble: bumiliumili ka ng lka ng lupa anupa and may nd may nakataakatanim nnim na punoa puno ng manng mangga.gga. Kahit hindi sinabi sa contract kung kasama yung puno sa pagmamay-ariKahit hindi sinabi sa contract kung kasama yung puno sa pagmamay-ari mo o delivery, kasama itomo o delivery, kasama ito dahil ito ay considered na accession kasidahil ito ay considered na accession kasi naka-incorporate ito sa lupa. But kung explicitly sinabi sa contract nanaka-incorporate ito sa lupa. But kung explicitly sinabi sa contract na hindi kasama yung puno ng mangga, hindi ito kasamahindi kasama yung puno ng mangga, hindi ito kasama sa delivery.sa delivery.
●● AccessoriesAccessories: those joined to or included with the: those joined to or included with the principal thing for the latter’s better use,principal thing for the latter’s better use,
perfection or enjoyment.perfection or enjoyment.
○○ Example: wristwatch. The principal thing is the watch itself and the strap isExample: wristwatch. The principal thing is the watch itself and the strap is considered anconsidered an
accessory kasi hindi mo ito magagamit ng matino without the strap.accessory kasi hindi mo ito magagamit ng matino without the strap.
○○ Cellphone. Yung battery considered as an accessory kasi pag tinanggal mo yung batteryCellphone. Yung battery considered as an accessory kasi pag tinanggal mo yung battery
hindi na gagana yunghindi na gagana yung cellphone.cellphone.
●● Yung accession kahit tanggalin mo, kayaYung accession kahit tanggalin mo, kaya pa mag-function nung principal object but yungpa mag-function nung principal object but yung
accessory if tinanggal mo, (may effect sa principal object) hindi mo na magagamit or ma-eenjoyaccessory if tinanggal mo, (may effect sa principal object) hindi mo na magagamit or ma-eenjoy nang maayos yung principal object.nang maayos yung principal object.
○○ Jelly case of a cellJelly case of a cell phone: accessionphone: accession
Remedies of the creditorRemedies of the creditor
●● If the debtor fails toIf the debtor fails to perform his obligations to deliver a determinate thing:perform his obligations to deliver a determinate thing:
○○ To compel the debtor to makeTo compel the debtor to make the deliverythe delivery
○○ To demand damages from the debtorTo demand damages from the debtor
Yan lang option mo because it is aYan lang option mo because it is a determinate thing, hindi pwedeng bumili sa iba kasi specificdeterminate thing, hindi pwedeng bumili sa iba kasi specific yonyon
●● If the debtor fails toIf the debtor fails to perform his obligation to deliver a generic thing:perform his obligation to deliver a generic thing:
○○ To ask that the obligation be complied with at theTo ask that the obligation be complied with at the expense of the debtor.expense of the debtor.
■■ Sa iba na bibili, peroSa iba na bibili, pero si seller na ang magsshoulder ng expensessi seller na ang magsshoulder ng expenses
○○ To demand damages from the debtor.To demand damages from the debtor.
Pwede mong hanapin sPwede mong hanapin sa ibang seller yung ba ibang seller yung bagay, kasi meron panagay, kasi meron pang same kind sa iba.g same kind sa iba.
●● If the debtor fails toIf the debtor fails to perform his obligation in obligations to do:perform his obligation in obligations to do:
○○ If the debtor fails to performIf the debtor fails to perform the obligation or performs it but contravenes the tenorthe obligation or performs it but contravenes the tenor
thereof, the creditor may have thethereof, the creditor may have the obligation executed at the expense of the debtor orobligation executed at the expense of the debtor or hehe may also demand damages from themay also demand damages from the debtor.debtor.
■■ Nag-usap kayo ng karpiNag-usap kayo ng karpintero na magpapagawa ka ng bntero na magpapagawa ka ng bahay, pero biglang ayawahay, pero biglang ayaw
nya na. As anya na. As a customer pwedeng sa ibang karpintero mo na ipagawa pero yungcustomer pwedeng sa ibang karpintero mo na ipagawa pero yung charges shoulder na nung unang karpintero. Pero kung hindi ka makahanap ngcharges shoulder na nung unang karpintero. Pero kung hindi ka makahanap ng iba, pwede mong singilin sa damages. Hindi mo siyaiba, pwede mong singilin sa damages. Hindi mo siya pwedeng pilitin gawin yungpwedeng pilitin gawin yung bahay kung labag na sa lobahay kung labag na sa loob niy dahil it is a vob niy dahil it is a violation of his righiolation of his right againstt against involuntary servitude.involuntary servitude.
○○ If the debtor performs the obligations but does it poorly, theIf the debtor performs the obligations but does it poorly, the creditor may have the samecreditor may have the same
be undone at the debtbe undone at the debtor’s expense or he may also demandor’s expense or he may also demand damages from the debtor.damages from the debtor.
●● If the debtor does what hasIf the debtor does what has been forbidden him:been forbidden him:
○○ The creditor may demand that what hasThe creditor may demand that what has been done be undone but atbeen done be undone but at his expense.his expense.
○○ He may also demand damages fromHe may also demand damages from the debtor.the debtor.
Grounds for liability to pay forGrounds for liability to pay for damages:damages: Article 1170Article 1170
- ThosThose who ie who in the pn the performerformance oance of theif their oblr obligatiigation are gon are guiltuilty of fray of fraud, neud, negligegligence or dnce or delay, aelay, andnd those who in any manner contravene thethose who in any manner contravene the tenor, thereof, are liable fortenor, thereof, are liable for damages.damages.
Damages VS InjuryDamages VS Injury Damages:Damages: refer to the harm done or the sum of money that may be recovered in reparation for the harmrefer to the harm done or the sum of money that may be recovered in reparation for the harm done.done.
- sumsum ofof monmoney ney na maa makukkukuhauha momo sa psa perwerwisyisyongong napnapalaala
- harm dharm done:one: may ismay isang cang criminriminal naal na sumunsumunog ngog ng bahaybahay mo/ nmo/ na-dama-damage baage bahay mhay mo, ano, ang damg damage ayage ay tumutukoy sa naging pinsala sa iyong ari-arian dahil sa ginawa ng ibang taotumutukoy sa naging pinsala sa iyong ari-arian dahil sa ginawa ng ibang tao Injury:Injury: refers to the wrongful, unlawful or tortious act which causesrefers to the wrongful, unlawful or tortious act which causes loss or harm to another.loss or harm to another. It is theIt is the legal wrong to be redressed.legal wrong to be redressed.
- fofocucusesed sd sa kaa kararapapatatan mn monong nag na-v-vioiolalatete
DAMNUM ABSQUE INJURIADAMNUM ABSQUE INJURIA
- DaDamamagge we witithohoutut ininjujuryry
- NorNormal scmal scenaenariorio: nasi: nasira yunra yung propg properterty mo, na-y mo, na-vioviolatlate karae karapatpatan moan mo
- ExampExample: sile: sinunonunog yungg yung kotskotse mo: ne mo: na-damaa-damage yuge yung kotng kotse mo kse mo kasi siasi sinunonunog, na-ig, na-injurenjure kasikasi na-violate yung karapatan mo bilangna-violate yung karapatan mo bilang may-arimay-ari
- But hBut hindindi sa li sa lahaahat ng pt ng pagkagkakaakataotaon, sn, sa dama damage mage may iay injunjuryry
- ExampExample: ikle: ikaw ay iaw ay isang ssang squattquatter, kaper, kapag piag pinapaanapaalis nlis na kayoa kayo ng mayng may-ari d-ari dahil gahil gagamiagamitin natin na niyaniya yung lupa and hindi kayo sumunod, magpapadala sila ng demolition team. Pagyung lupa and hindi kayo sumunod, magpapadala sila ng demolition team. Pag inararo yunginararo yung barong-barong niyobarong-barong niyo, may damage pero legally wala kang k, may damage pero legally wala kang karapatan masaktan, walang inarapatan masaktan, walang injury dahiljury dahil una pa lang alamuna pa lang alam mo nang ganon yung mangayayari dahil hindi naman talaga samo nang ganon yung mangayayari dahil hindi naman talaga sa inyo yung lupa.inyo yung lupa.
Kinds of damages:Kinds of damages: 1.1. ActActualual/ C/ Compompensensatoatoryry DamDamageagess
- These rThese refer to tefer to the pecuhe pecuniarniary loss ty loss that washat was actuaactually inlly incurrecurred by the pd by the plaintlaintiff. It iiff. It includncludes the aces the actualtual value of the loss suffered andvalue of the loss suffered and profits not realized.profits not realized.
- ExampExample: ikle: ikaw ay naw ay nakaakakaaksidesidente ngnte ng dumaddumadaan, paaan, pag siyg siya ay naa ay naospiospital, ytal, yung gaung gastos nstos niya saiya sa ospiospitaltal ay actual damages.ay actual damages.
1.1. CauCausalsal FraFraud oud or Dr Doloolo CauCausansantete
- fraud ofraud of a seriof a serious kinus kind, witd, without whout whichhich, conse, consent wount would not hld not have beeave been given given. It renn. It renders thders the contre contractact voidable for it is avoidable for it is a defect in one of thedefect in one of the essential elements of a contract, “consent”.essential elements of a contract, “consent”.
- frafraud aud ang nng nagiaging dng dahiahilanlan parpara maa makuhkuha moa mo conconsensent nit niyaya
- ExampExample: gle: gustousto mo magmo maglasinlasing, pagg, pagpuntpunta mo sa mo sa tina tindahandahan ubosubos na yuna yung alng alak niak nila pela pero saro sa kagustuhan niyang makabenta ang inabot niya sayo ay sukakagustuhan niyang makabenta ang inabot niya sayo ay suka
- Ito aIto ay pany panlolololoko atko at parapara makuhmakuha yuna yung cong consentsent mo (agmo (agree naree na bumibumili), pli), pinaniinaniwalawala kaka niyang alak yung binebenta niya. Kung sa simula pa langniyang alak yung binebenta niya. Kung sa simula pa lang sinabi niya nang hindi ito alak,sinabi niya nang hindi ito alak, suka ito, kung hindi ka niya niloko, hindi niya makukuha consent mo, walasuka ito, kung hindi ka niya niloko, hindi niya makukuha consent mo, wala rin siyangrin siyang benta.benta. 2.2. IncIncideidentantal Frl Fraudaud or Dor Doloolo IncIncideidentente
- This reThis refers to ffers to fraud wiraud withouthout whict which consh consent woent would havuld have stile still been gil been given buven but the pert the person gison giving sving suchuch consent would have agreed on different terms. Itconsent would have agreed on different terms. It would not render the contract void but the partywould not render the contract void but the party committing the fraud shall be liable for damages.committing the fraud shall be liable for damages.
- Ito yuIto yung klng klase ngase ng pangpanglolololoko na kko na kahitahit niloniloko mo sko mo siya, maiya, may consy consent pent pa rin pa rin pero diero differenfferent termst terms yung maibibigay niyayung maibibigay niya
- ExampExample: “Ale: “Ate pabte pabili nili ng alakg alak” pag t” pag tingiingin ng tin ng tinderandera sa shesa shelf maylf may alak nalak naman taman talagaalaga. Pero n. Pero nungung tinanong mo kung magkano, sabi niya “sir 10,000 yung isang bote ngtinanong mo kung magkano, sabi niya “sir 10,000 yung isang bote ng alak” so nagtaka ka bakitalak” so nagtaka ka bakit ang mahal, sagot niya naman “kasi po 20 years old na yung alak.” Dahil inom na inom ka na,ang mahal, sagot niya naman “kasi po 20 years old na yung alak.” Dahil inom na inom ka na, pumayag ka naman pero in realitpumayag ka naman pero in reality 2 month old pa lang yuy 2 month old pa lang yung alak.ng alak.
- May pMay panloanlolokoloko, pero, pero kahitkahit may pamay panlolnloloko moko makukuakukuha paha pa rin srin sana anana ang cong consentsent mo. Simo. Sinabinabi mong ate pabili ng alak, kung sinabi nung tindera yung totoo, matutuloy pamong ate pabili ng alak, kung sinabi nung tindera yung totoo, matutuloy pa rin yungrin yung transaction, bibili ka pa rin ng alak perotransaction, bibili ka pa rin ng alak pero hindi sa halagang 10,000.hindi sa halagang 10,000.
B. Fraud in the performance of the obligationB. Fraud in the performance of the obligation
- This iThis is the ds the delibeliberate aerate act of ect of evadinvading fulfg fulfillmillment ofent of an oblan obligatiigation in aon in a normanormal mannl manner. Ther. The parte partyy committing fraud shall be liable for damagescommitting fraud shall be liable for damages
- afterafter makuhmakuha yuna yung cong consentsent mo, nmo, nung iung i-perfo-perform narm na yungyung obligobligatioation doon doon nagn naglokoloko
- ExampExample: “Ale: “Ate pabte pabili nili ng alakg alak.” Thi.” This times time totototoong along alak na yak na yung bung biniginigay sayay sayo and so and sinininingil kgil ka nga ng tama. Walang fraud sa pagkuha ng consent mo para pumayag ka sa contract of sale. Bago umuwi,tama. Walang fraud sa pagkuha ng consent mo para pumayag ka sa contract of sale. Bago umuwi, naki-cr ka and tumikim si atengnaki-cr ka and tumikim si ateng tindera sa alak. So nabawasan, paratindera sa alak. So nabawasan, para hindi ka magalit dahilhindi ka magalit dahil nabawasan, tinubigan niya.nabawasan, tinubigan niya.
- Ang pAng pagbebagbebenta nenta ng isang isang alakg alak na natna natubigubigan niyan niya ay isa ay isang paang panlolnloloko. Poko. Pag napag napatunaatunayan ngyan ng buyer na tinubiganbuyer na tinubigan ng seller, the seller shoung seller, the seller should be liable for damages.ld be liable for damages.
Rules in waiver of Fraud:Rules in waiver of Fraud:
●● Past FraudPast Fraud or fraud committed in the pastor fraud committed in the past can be waived. Such ancan be waived. Such an act is considered as liberalityact is considered as liberality
on the part of the creditor.on the part of the creditor.
- nagnaganaanap na yup na yung pang panlonlolokloko, pwo, pwede mo pede mo pataatawarwarin or iin or i-wa-waive yive yung kung kasoaso
●● Future FraudFuture Fraud or fraud still to beor fraud still to be committed cannot be waived even if therecommitted cannot be waived even if there is an agreement tois an agreement to
that effect. Such stipulation is void for being contrary tothat effect. Such stipulation is void for being contrary to public policy.public policy. Example:Example:
- nanlonanloko yunko yung jowg jowa mo lasa mo last weekt week (past(past fraudfraud) so pa) so pag humig humingi nngi ng tawag tawad pwedd pwede mo pa pe mo pa patawaatawarinrin
- “Tuta“Tutal pinl pinatawaatawad mo nad mo na ako saako sa ginawginawa konga kong panlopanlolokoloko, baka p, baka pwedenwedeng patag patawarinwarin mo na umo na ulit aklit akoo kasi gagawin ko ulit.” Hindi mo pwedeng hingan ng waiver yungkasi gagawin ko ulit.” Hindi mo pwedeng hingan ng waiver yung gagawin mong future fraud.gagawin mong future fraud. Delikadong i-allow ng batas na pwedeng i-wave ang future fraud dahil magiging prone toDelikadong i-allow ng batas na pwedeng i-wave ang future fraud dahil magiging prone to abuse.abuse.
NegligenceNegligence
- is the ois the omissimission of thon of that diliat diligence wgence which ihich is requis required by thred by the nature nature of the oe of the obligbligation aation and cornd corresporespondsnds with the circumstance of the person, of the time, and of the place. It is the failure to observe thewith the circumstance of the person, of the time, and of the place. It is the failure to observe the required degree of care,required degree of care, precaution and vigilance that the circumstances justly demand.precaution and vigilance that the circumstances justly demand.
- dedepependnde se sa ta taoao, o, oraras os o lulugagarr
- EExxaammpplleess::
- circucircumstanmstance ofce of the pthe personerson: pag: pagtulotulog (nog (normalrmal thinthing tog to do), pdo), pagpapagpapabayaabaya ang pang pagtuagtuloglog kung ikaw ay isang security guard habang nakadutykung ikaw ay isang security guard habang nakaduty
- circucircumstanmstance ofce of the tthe time:ime: okayokay langlang kungkung nasinasira angra ang mga ilmga ilaw ngaw ng jeepjeep mo habmo habangang namamasada ka ng umaga ngunit pumapasada ka pa rin ng gabi at sira pa rin angnamamasada ka ng umaga ngunit pumapasada ka pa rin ng gabi at sira pa rin ang headlights mo, negligence na yonheadlights mo, negligence na yon
- circucircumstanmstance ofce of the pthe place:lace: ang pang pagpapagpapatakbatakbo ngo ng 80-1080-100 kph0 kph ay noay normalrmal langlang kungkung nasanasa TPLEX, pero considered as negligence kung nagpatakbo ka nang ganon kabilis sa labasTPLEX, pero considered as negligence kung nagpatakbo ka nang ganon kabilis sa labas ng isang eskwelahan o simbahan.ng isang eskwelahan o simbahan.
- Diligence to be observedDiligence to be observed
- If thIf the lawe law or coor contracntract doet does nots not statstate thee the dilidiligencgence whie which isch is to beto be obserobserved ived in then the performance of that obligperformance of that obligation, the debtor must oation, the debtor must observe the diligence of a gobserve the diligence of a good father ofod father of a family, as required bya family, as required by the nature of the obligation and which corresponds with thethe nature of the obligation and which corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of the time or of the place.circumstances of the person, of the time or of the place.
Kinds of Negligence:Kinds of Negligence:
●● Culpa Contractual:Culpa Contractual: negligence in the performance of anegligence in the performance of a contract. It supposes a pre-existingcontract. It supposes a pre-existing
contractual relationship between the parties. This is negligence in the performance of thecontractual relationship between the parties. This is negligence in the performance of the obligation arising from a contract results to damages.obligation arising from a contract results to damages.
○○ violation of contract of carriage, pag naaksidente kayo habang nakasakay ka saviolation of contract of carriage, pag naaksidente kayo habang nakasakay ka sa jeepjeep
●● Culpa Aquiliana (Culpa Aquiliana (civil negligence, or tort or quasi-delict or culpa extra contractual): this iscivil negligence, or tort or quasi-delict or culpa extra contractual): this is
quasi-delict where the negligence itself is the independent source of the obligation.quasi-delict where the negligence itself is the independent source of the obligation.
○○ may nasagasaan na dumaraan, therefor anmay nasagasaan na dumaraan, therefor an obligation arises to pay the damagesobligation arises to pay the damages
●● Culpa CriminalCulpa Criminal (Criminal Negligence): this is negligence that results in commission of a crime.(Criminal Negligence): this is negligence that results in commission of a crime.
○○ naging pabaya ka dahil may masama kangnaging pabaya ka dahil may masama kang intensyon, nanunog or nanira ng gamit ng ibaintensyon, nanunog or nanira ng gamit ng iba
Kahit isa lang yunKahit isa lang yung event or aksidente pwedeng event or aksidente pwedeng magresult sa dag magresult sa dalawang kind ng neglilawang kind ng negligence, depende sagence, depende sa kung sino ang nabiktima. Halimbawa, taxikung sino ang nabiktima. Halimbawa, taxi driver ka tapos maydriver ka tapos may nasagasaan kang dumaraan yungnasagasaan kang dumaraan yung obligation mo to pay for the damages arises sa negligence mo (culpa aquiliana dahil wala naman kayongobligation mo to pay for the damages arises sa negligence mo (culpa aquiliana dahil wala naman kayong pre-existing contrpre-existing contract) tapos nasugaact) tapos nasugatan pa yung mga pastan pa yung mga pasahero mo, dahil may coahero mo, dahil may contract na kayo which isntract na kayo which is contract of carriage and naviolate mocontract of carriage and naviolate mo yon babayaran mo siyayon babayaran mo siya ng damages (culpa contractual).ng damages (culpa contractual).
Delay or Default or MoraDelay or Default or Mora
●● DelayDelay is the non-fulfillment of an obligation with respect to time oris the non-fulfillment of an obligation with respect to time or delay in the fulfillment of andelay in the fulfillment of an
obligation, contrary to what was agreed upon.obligation, contrary to what was agreed upon.
○○ hindi natupad ang usapan niyo kung kailan dapat mangyarihindi natupad ang usapan niyo kung kailan dapat mangyari
- ExampExample: yule: yung selng seller naler na bibibibilhan mlhan mo ng so ng specifpecific na asic na aso, bino, binenta nenta na pala ya pala yung asung aso sa ibo sa iba.a. So wala nang sense naSo wala nang sense na mag-demand ka pa don samag-demand ka pa don sa seller kasi hindi niya na kayangseller kasi hindi niya na kayang i-perform yung obligation niya, magstart na agad yung delay niya.i-perform yung obligation niya, magstart na agad yung delay niya.
●● Effects of Delay:Effects of Delay:
○○ On the part of the debtor:On the part of the debtor:
■■ The debtor shall be liable for theThe debtor shall be liable for the payment of damages.payment of damages.
■■ If the obligation consists in the delivery of aIf the obligation consists in the delivery of a determinate thing, he shall be liabledeterminate thing, he shall be liable
even if the thing is lost dueeven if the thing is lost due to a fortuitous event.to a fortuitous event.
- Ex.Ex. On SeOn Septembptember 1,er 1, tinawtinawag moag mo yungyung selleseller nar na dapatdapat madelmadeliveriver na yna yungung asoaso sayo. But on September 3,sayo. But on September 3, tinamaan ng kidlat ang aso (kahit fortuitous event),tinamaan ng kidlat ang aso (kahit fortuitous event), liable na yung seller dahil in legal delayliable na yung seller dahil in legal delay na sya.na sya.
○○ On the part of the creditor:On the part of the creditor:
■■ He shall bear the riskHe shall bear the risk of loss and shall shoulder the expenses for theof loss and shall shoulder the expenses for the preservationpreservation
of the thing.of the thing.
■■ The debtor may resort to theThe debtor may resort to the consignation of the thing due.consignation of the thing due.
- Ex.Ex. UsapaUsapan nan natintin na Sena Sept.pt. 1, id1, idedeliedeliverver ko yko yungung asoaso sayosayo, per, pero iko ikaw yaw yungung humihindi, pag may nangyaring masama sa aso, ikawhumihindi, pag may nangyaring masama sa aso, ikaw yung mawawalan and ikawyung mawawalan and ikaw yung liable sa expenses habang inaalagaan ko yung aso dahil ayawyung liable sa expenses habang inaalagaan ko yung aso dahil ayaw mo pangmo pang tanggapin.tanggapin.
Fortuitous EventsFortuitous Events Article 1174Article 1174
- ExcepExcept in cat in cases exses expresspressly sply specifiecified by led by law, oraw, or whichwhich it is oit is otherwtherwise deise declareclared by sd by stiputipulatiolation, orn, or when the nature of thewhen the nature of the obligation requires the assumpobligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsibletion of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseenfor those events which could not be foreseen (ex. lindol), or which, though foreseen, were(ex. lindol), or which, though foreseen, were inevitable (ex. bagyo).inevitable (ex. bagyo).
- ThesThese are eve are events tents that cohat could nuld not be fot be foreseoreseen or wen or whichhich, thou, though forgh foreseeneseen are inare inevitevitable. Iable. It ist is not enough that the event should not be foreseen ornot enough that the event should not be foreseen or anticipated, but it must be oneanticipated, but it must be one impossible to foresee or avoid.impossible to foresee or avoid.
Requisites of fortuitous event to be accepted as a justification for the non-performance of anRequisites of fortuitous event to be accepted as a justification for the non-performance of an obligation to deliver a determinate thing:obligation to deliver a determinate thing:
●● The cause must be independent of theThe cause must be independent of the debtor’s willdebtor’s will
●● There must be impossibility of foreseeing the event or ifThere must be impossibility of foreseeing the event or if it can be foreseen, itit can be foreseen, it must be impossiblemust be impossible
to avoidto avoid
●● The occurrence must be ofThe occurrence must be of such magnitude as to render itsuch magnitude as to render it impossible for the debtor to perform hisimpossible for the debtor to perform his
obligation.obligation.
●● The debtor must be freeThe debtor must be free from participation in the non-performance, damage or loss offrom participation in the non-performance, damage or loss of thethe
property brought aboproperty brought about by the fortuitouut by the fortuitous event.s event.
ex. Ikaw yung seller atex. Ikaw yung seller at natamaan yung specific na aso na iddeliver monatamaan yung specific na aso na iddeliver mo ng kidlat, pag lahat ito present,ng kidlat, pag lahat ito present, hindi na liable yung seller/ debtor, wala na siyang obligation sa buyer dahilhindi na liable yung seller/ debtor, wala na siyang obligation sa buyer dahil yungyung obligation niyaobligation niya na-extinguish na because of thena-extinguish na because of the fortuitous event.fortuitous event.
General RuleGeneral Rule: If the foregoing requisites are present: If the foregoing requisites are present in a case, thenin a case, then the debtor shall not be liable forthe debtor shall not be liable for non-performance of the obligation duenon-performance of the obligation due to a fortuitous event.to a fortuitous event. His obligation is extinguished.His obligation is extinguished. Exceptions:Exceptions:
●● When the debtor is in delayWhen the debtor is in delay
●● When the debtor promised the same thing toWhen the debtor promised the same thing to two or more persons who don't havetwo or more persons who don't have the samethe same
interestinterest
●● When the parties stipulate or agree that theWhen the parties stipulate or agree that the debtor will not be exempted from liability even ifdebtor will not be exempted from liability even if
non-performance of the obligation is due to anon-performance of the obligation is due to a fortuitous eventfortuitous event
●● When the nature of theWhen the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk (ex. Insurance company)obligation requires the assumption of risk (ex. Insurance company)
●● When the thing to be delivered isWhen the thing to be delivered is genericgeneric
Article 1175. Usurious transactions shall be governed by specialArticle 1175. Usurious transactions shall be governed by special lawslaws
●● Usury is contracting for or receiving interest in excess ofUsury is contracting for or receiving interest in excess of the amount allowed by law for thethe amount allowed by law for the loanloan
or use of money,or use of money, goods, chattels or credits.goods, chattels or credits.
●● Usury is now legally non-existent. Parties are now freeUsury is now legally non-existent. Parties are now free to stipulate any amount of interest. This isto stipulate any amount of interest. This is
due to Central Bank Circular No.due to Central Bank Circular No. 905 that took effect on January 1,905 that took effect on January 1, 1983.1983.
●● It does not, however, give absolute right toIt does not, however, give absolute right to the creditor to charge the debtor interest that isthe creditor to charge the debtor interest that is
“iniquitous or unconscionabl“iniquitous or unconscionable.” (wala nang limit sae.” (wala nang limit sa interest ngayon pero wag naman yunginterest ngayon pero wag naman yung masyadong abusado)masyadong abusado)
Presumptions on receipts of principal andPresumptions on receipts of principal and installment payments (Art. 1176)installment payments (Art. 1176)
●● The receipt of the principal without reservation as to interest, shall giveThe receipt of the principal without reservation as to interest, shall give rise to the presumptionrise to the presumption
that the interest has been paidthat the interest has been paid
- ex. Pinex. Pinautanautang kitg kita 1,00a 1,000 ang u0 ang usapasapan natin natin aften after one yr one year ay 1ear ay 100 so a00 so ang tong total natal na utanutang mo sag mo sakin ikin iss 1,100. Nung bayaran na 1,000 lang yung inaabot mo.1,100. Nung bayaran na 1,000 lang yung inaabot mo. Ang tamang pag resibo ay yung 100 ayAng tamang pag resibo ay yung 100 ay bayad don sa interest at ybayad don sa interest at yung 900 ay bayad sa princung 900 ay bayad sa principal. Hindi mo pwedeng resipal. Hindi mo pwedeng resibo na yung 1,000ibo na yung 1, lang (yung principal lang) dahil may nag-aarise na isang presumption: na dahillang (yung principal lang) dahil may nag-aarise na isang presumption: na dahil ini-indicate mo naini-indicate mo na ang payment, yung 1,000 ay para saang payment, yung 1,000 ay para sa buong payment ng principal, iniimply mo na bayad na yungbuong payment ng principal, iniimply mo na bayad na yung interest,interest, which in reality hindi pa bayadwhich in reality hindi pa bayad interest. Logic states na una mo dapat bayaraninterest. Logic states na una mo dapat bayaran yungyung interest bago yung principal.interest bago yung principal.
- KungKung magremagresibosibo ka ngka ng 1,001,000 na f0 na for pror princiincipal lpal lang, iang, ilagaylagay mongmong “Rece“Receivedived 1,0001,000 for tfor thehe payment of principal bpayment of principal but the interest is notut the interest is not yet paid.” , para hindi mag-arise yuyet paid.” , para hindi mag-arise yungng presumptionpresumption
●● The receipt of aThe receipt of a later installment without reservation as to prior installments, shall give rise to thelater installment without reservation as to prior installments, shall give rise to the
presumption that pripresumption that prior installments have bor installments have been paid.een paid.
- ex. I haex. I have a bove a boardinarding housg house, per re, per room isoom is 5,0005,000 per monper month. Yuth. Yung isng isang naang nagdormgdorm, tatl, tatlong bong buwan nuwan naa hindi nakapagbayad, January-March. Then nung nakasalubong mo siya, nagbayad siya ng 5,000.hindi nakapagbayad, January-March. Then nung nakasalubong mo siya, nagbayad siya ng 5,000. Under the law, ang pinaka tamangUnder the law, ang pinaka tamang buwan para sa resibo ng 5,000 aybuwan para sa resibo ng 5,000 ay para sa buwan ng January.para sa buwan ng January. Kasi kung ang nilagay mo na ang bayad niya ay para sa February or March, it gives rise to theKasi kung ang nilagay mo na ang bayad niya ay para sa February or March, it gives rise to the presumption: napresumption: na dahil nagreresibo ka na para sa March, bayad na siya ngdahil nagreresibo ka na para sa March, bayad na siya ng January at February.January at February.
Exceptions are intransmissible rights and obligations :Exceptions are intransmissible rights and obligations :
●● By their nature as whenBy their nature as when the special or personal qualification of the obligor constitutes one of thethe special or personal qualification of the obligor constitutes one of the
principal motives for thprincipal motives for the establishment of the coe establishment of the contractntract
●● By stipulation of the parties, as when theBy stipulation of the parties, as when the contract expressly provides that the obligor shallcontract expressly provides that the obligor shall
perform an act by himself and notperform an act by himself and not through anotherthrough another
●● By provision of law, as inBy provision of law, as in the case of those arising fromthe case of those arising from a contract of partnership or ofa contract of partnership or of agencyagency
○○ A, B and CA, B and C ay partners sa isang partnership. Namatay si A,ay partners sa isang partnership. Namatay si A, hindi pwedeng successorhindi pwedeng successor
yung anak niya. Hindi transmissible ang karapatan maging miyembro sa isangyung anak niya. Hindi transmissible ang karapatan maging miyembro sa isang partnership dahil anpartnership dahil ang isang partnership ayg isang partnership ay dapat may mutual trust at codapat may mutual trust at confidence.nfidence.
Module 2:Module 2:
Kinds of Obligations:Kinds of Obligations:
1.1. PuPure Ore Oblbligigatatioionn - is one without a term or condition and is demandable immediately.- is one without a term or condition and is demandable immediately.
○○ AArrttiicclle 1e 11 1779 9.. Every obligation whose performance does not depend upon aEvery obligation whose performance does not depend upon a
future or uncertain event, or upon a past event unknown to the parties, isfuture or uncertain event, or upon a past event unknown to the parties, is
demandable at once.demandable at once.
○○ ExEx. S. Sababi koi ko sasayo,yo, “Bi“Bibigbigyanyan kitkita na ngg ₱₱20,000.” Ito ay isang pure obligation, walang20,000.” Ito ay isang pure obligation, walang
kasunod na condition, walang hinihintay na period of time na dumaan muna.kasunod na condition, walang hinihintay na period of time na dumaan muna.
■■ KaKailailan mn mo ko ko po pwewededengng hinhingagan nn ngg ₱₱20,000? IMMEDIATELY20,000? IMMEDIATELY
DEMANDABLEDEMANDABLE
2.2. ConConditditionionalal OblObligaigatiotionn - an obligation where its demadability or creation depends on- an obligation where its demadability or creation depends on
the fulfillment of a conditionthe fulfillment of a condition
ClassificatioClassificationsns ofof ConditionsConditions::
A conditioA condition must bn must be both ae both a future afuture and uncertnd uncertain evenain event.t.
(If it is a future but certain event, it is not a condition but is called a period)(If it is a future but certain event, it is not a condition but is called a period)
●● SSuussppeennssiivvee - a condition where the happening of which will give rise to the obligation,- a condition where the happening of which will give rise to the obligation,
also known asalso known as condition antecedentcondition antecedent oror condition precedentcondition precedent..
○○ ConConditiodition na kapn na kapag naag nangyangyari na yunri na yung bagg bagay na yon (ay na yon (yung cyung condondition nition na yon)a yon),,
doon pa lang magkakaroon ng obligation yung nangakodoon pa lang magkakaroon ng obligation yung nangako
○○ ExEx.:.: “I“I wiwillll gigiveve yoyouu ₱₱20,000 kapag pumasa ka sa paparating na CPA na Board20,000 kapag pumasa ka sa paparating na CPA na Board
Exam.” Ang tawag sa condition ay suspensive condition dahil yung obligationExam.” Ang tawag sa condition ay suspensive condition dahil yung obligation
sayo na bibigyan ngsayo na bibigyan ng ₱₱20,000 ay nakadepende pa kung matutupad mo yung20,000 ay nakadepende pa kung matutupad mo yung
condition.condition.
○○ KailKailan laan lang akng ako mago magkarokaroon ngon ng obligobligatioation na mn na magbagbigayigay ngng ₱₱20,000? KAPAG20,000? KAPAG
NAPASA MO NA YUNG PAPARATING NA BOARD EXAM. pag hindi kaNAPASA MO NA YUNG PAPARATING NA BOARD EXAM. pag hindi ka
pumasa, walang obligation na magbigay ngpumasa, walang obligation na magbigay ng ₱₱20,00020,
○○ KapKapag nanag nangyagyari o naturi o natupad yupad yung conng conditiodition, doon, doon pa lann pa lang magkg magkarooaroon ngn ng
obligationobligation
●● RReessoolluuttoorryy - a condition where the happening of which extinguishes the obligation, also- a condition where the happening of which extinguishes the obligation, also
known asknown as condition subsequentcondition subsequent. The obligation is demandable immediately but shall be. The obligation is demandable immediately but shall be
extinguished upon the happening of the Resolutory condition.extinguished upon the happening of the Resolutory condition.
○○ KaKababalikliktartaran nan ng sug suspspenensivsive coe condinditiotionn
○○ KapKapag natag natupaupad na yung Red na yung Resolusolutory cotory conditndition, tition, titigil na yunigil na yung obligg obligatioation ko sayon ko sayo
○○ Ex.: “Ex.: “AnaAnak, bibk, bibigyaigyan kita nn kita ng sustg sustentoento everevery monty month hanh hanggagga’t hin’t hindi ka padi ka pa
nakapagtatapos ng college.” Tawag dito ay Resolutory condition dahilnakapagtatapos ng college.” Tawag dito ay Resolutory condition dahil
nakadepende na kung titigil yung obligation ko sayo kung ikaw ay makakataposnakadepende na kung titigil yung obligation ko sayo kung ikaw ay makakatapos
ng college. Kung hindi man makakatapos ng college, hindi titigil yung obligationng college. Kung hindi man makakatapos ng college, hindi titigil yung obligation
ko na magbigay ng allowance every month.ko na magbigay ng allowance every month.
○○ KailKailan mo kan mo ko pweo pwede kude kulitin tlitin tungungkol dokol don sa alln sa allowaowance?nce? AGADAGAD-AGA-AGAD.D.
(Demandable immediately)(Demandable immediately)
○○ PagPag nannangyargyari na yui na yung cong conditndition, tion, titigiitigil na yl na yung oung obligbligatioation.n.
●● PPootteessttaattiivvee - a condition that depends upon the will of one of the contracting parties- a condition that depends upon the will of one of the contracting parties
○○ EitEitheher wir will nll ng dg debtebtor oor or wir will nll ng crg crededitoitorr
○○ AArrttiicclle 1e 11 1882 2.. When the fulfillment of the condition depends upon theWhen the fulfillment of the condition depends upon the sole will ofsole will of
the debtorthe debtor, the conditional obligation shall be void., the conditional obligation shall be void.
■■ ExEx.:.: “B“Bibibigigyayan kn kitita na ngg ₱₱20,000 kapag gusto ko na.” Ako yung magbibigay/20,000 kapag gusto ko na.” Ako yung magbibigay/
debtor, ikaw yung tatanggap/creditor, pero yung condition aydebtor, ikaw yung tatanggap/creditor, pero yung condition ay
nakadepende sa will ko.nakadepende sa will ko.
■■ TThihiss isis ccaalllleedd aa Purely Potestative Condition,Purely Potestative Condition, dahil nakadepende sa willdahil nakadepende sa will
ng debtor, which is consideredng debtor, which is considered voidvoid. Void dahil possible na hindi. Void dahil possible na hindi
magkatotoo ang condition, dahil puwedeng gumawa ng paraan si debtormagkatotoo ang condition, dahil puwedeng gumawa ng paraan si debtor
na hindi magkatotoo yung condition para hindi magkaroon ng obligation.na hindi magkatotoo yung condition para hindi magkaroon ng obligation.
May risk na pwedeng hindi mag-arise yung obligation dahil nakadependeMay risk na pwedeng hindi mag-arise yung obligation dahil nakadepende
sa debtor.sa debtor.
○○ AlloAllowed pwed pag yuag yung cong conditndition nion nakadakadepeepende snde sa will na will ng creg creditoditorr
■■ ExEx.:.: “B“Bibibigigyayan kn kitita na ngg ₱₱20,000 kapag gusto mo na.” Kapag sinabi mong20,000 kapag gusto mo na.” Kapag sinabi mong
gusto mo na, mag aarise na yung obligation ng debtor.gusto mo na, mag aarise na yung obligation ng debtor.
●● CCaassuuaall - a condition that depends upon chance or upon the will of a third person- a condition that depends upon chance or upon the will of a third person
○○ ExEx.:.: “B“Bibibigigyayan kn kitita na ngg ₱₱20,000 kapag nag-champion sa NBA ang Los Angeles20,000 kapag nag-champion sa NBA ang Los Angeles
Lakers.” Nakadepende upon chance, walang assurance na sila ang magigingLakers.” Nakadepende upon chance, walang assurance na sila ang magiging
champion.champion.
○○ ExEx.:.: “B“Bibibigigyayan kn kitita na ngg ₱₱20,000 kapag sinagot ka ng nililigawan mo.”20,000 kapag sinagot ka ng nililigawan mo.”
Nakadepende sa will ng nililigawan mo, kapag sinagot ka na, mag aarise na yungNakadepende sa will ng nililigawan mo, kapag sinagot ka na, mag aarise na yung
obligation na bigyan ka ngobligation na bigyan ka ng ₱₱20,000.20,000.
●● MMiixxeedd - a condition that depends partly upon the will of one of the parties and partly- a condition that depends partly upon the will of one of the parties and partly
upon the will of a third person.upon the will of a third person.
○○ ExEx.:.: “B“Bibibigigyayan kn kitita na ngg ₱₱20,000 kapag nag-apply ka sa SGV at natanggap ka.”20,000 kapag nag-apply ka sa SGV at natanggap ka.”
Dalawa yung condition, nakadepende sayo kung mag-apply ka at nakadependeDalawa yung condition, nakadepende sayo kung mag-apply ka at nakadepende
sa HR ng SGV kung tatangapin ka.sa HR ng SGV kung tatangapin ka.
●● PPoossssiibbllee - one that is capable of fulfillment by nature or law- one that is capable of fulfillment by nature or law
○○ ExEx.:.: “B“Bibibigigyayan kn kitita na ngg ₱₱20,000 kapag natapos mong basahin yung libro ni Atty.20,000 kapag natapos mong basahin yung libro ni Atty.
De Leon na Oblicon.” Possible mo makuha kapag natapos mo na, medyoDe Leon na Oblicon.” Possible mo makuha kapag natapos mo na, medyo
mahirap pero possible.mahirap pero possible.
●● IImmppoossssiibbllee -- one that is not capable of fulfillment in its nature, or impossible in law; theone that is not capable of fulfillment in its nature, or impossible in law; the
effect would be to nullify both the condition and the obligation.effect would be to nullify both the condition and the obligation.
○○ QueQuestiostion: Pagn: Pagdatidating Octng Octobeober 2021 at pr 2021 at pumaumasa ka sa bosa ka sa board exard exam, maam, may obligy obligatioationn
pa ba ang debtor sayo na magbigay ng kotse? WALA NA kasi yung pinangakongpa ba ang debtor sayo na magbigay ng kotse? WALA NA kasi yung pinangakong
kotse na may number na ABC123 (determinate thing) ay nasira nang walangkotse na may number na ABC123 (determinate thing) ay nasira nang walang
kasalanan si debtor.kasalanan si debtor.
2.2. If the thinIf the thing is lost tg is lost through through the fault ohe fault of the def the debtor, hebtor, he shall be oshall be obliged tobliged to pay dampay damages; it isages; it is
understood that the thing is lost when it perishes, or goes out of commerce, orunderstood that the thing is lost when it perishes, or goes out of commerce, or
disappears in such a way that its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered;disappears in such a way that its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered;
○○ Ex. “BEx. “Bibigibigyan kityan kita ng kotsa ng kotse kapae kapag pumag pumasa ka sa Bosa ka sa Board Exard Exam.” Ngam.” Ngunit hunit habaabangng
hinihintay na matupad yung condition, ginagamit siya at nabangga ang kotse athinihintay na matupad yung condition, ginagamit siya at nabangga ang kotse at
nasira. Dumating yung October 2021, at pumasa ka.nasira. Dumating yung October 2021, at pumasa ka.
Question: Obligado pa rin ba ako sayo na magbigay ng kotse? YES, but hindi naQuestion: Obligado pa rin ba ako sayo na magbigay ng kotse? YES, but hindi na
yung mismong kotse dahil sa negligence ni debtor. Obliged na si debtor nayung mismong kotse dahil sa negligence ni debtor. Obliged na si debtor na
magpay ng damages.magpay ng damages.
Kinds of losses:Kinds of losses:
○○ PPhhyyssiiccaal ll loossss - when a thing perishes as when a house is burned.- when a thing perishes as when a house is burned.
Ex. nasira yung bahay, sumabog yung kotseEx. nasira yung bahay, sumabog yung kotse
○○ LLeeggaall lloossss - there was a time na hindi naman bawal ang marijuana, naging- there was a time na hindi naman bawal ang marijuana, naging
bawal lang siya nung may batas nang nagsasabi na kasama siya sa prohibitedbawal lang siya nung may batas nang nagsasabi na kasama siya sa prohibited
drugs. Kaya nung pinagbawal na, it goes out of commerce, bawal na ibenta sadrugs. Kaya nung pinagbawal na, it goes out of commerce, bawal na ibenta sa
market.market.
○○ CCiivviill lloossss - blue diamond sa Titanic ay inihagis sa dagat. Hindi siya physical loss- blue diamond sa Titanic ay inihagis sa dagat. Hindi siya physical loss
dahil hindi naman nasira o nadurog. Civil loss siya dahil nawala at wala nangdahil hindi naman nasira o nadurog. Civil loss siya dahil nawala at wala nang
pwedeng makinabang because its existence is unknown or it cannot bepwedeng makinabang because its existence is unknown or it cannot be
recovered. Alam naman nating nasa ilalim na ng dagat pero hindi na ganunrecovered. Alam naman nating nasa ilalim na ng dagat pero hindi na ganun
kadaling i-recover.kadaling i-recover.
3.3. When theWhen the thing dething deterioratesteriorates without thwithout the fault oe fault of the def the debtor, thebtor, the impairmentimpairment is to be bis to be borneorne
by the creditor;by the creditor;
○○ KapKapag anag ang PPE (g PPE (kotskotse) ay gie) ay ginagnagamit oamit over a cever a certairtain perin period of tod of time,ime,
mag-depreciate siya. Habang naghihintay sa October 2021, ginagamit yungmag-depreciate siya. Habang naghihintay sa October 2021, ginagamit yung
kotse. Fromkotse. From ₱₱500,000 naging500,000 naging ₱₱400,000 na lang yung value ng kotse dahil400,000 na lang yung value ng kotse dahil
nag-depreciate.nag-depreciate.
Question: Pumasa ka sa October 2021 Board Exam, may obligation pa rin ba siQuestion: Pumasa ka sa October 2021 Board Exam, may obligation pa rin ba si
debtor sayo? YES.debtor sayo? YES.
Required ba ako mag-abono dahil nag-depreciate yung kotse or hayaan na langRequired ba ako mag-abono dahil nag-depreciate yung kotse or hayaan na lang
na tig-400,000 na lang yung value nung kotse, sino ang parang ng nawalan ngna tig-400,000 na lang yung value nung kotse, sino ang parang ng nawalan ng
₱₱100,000 na nag-depreciate? The impairment is to be borne by the creditor. Dahil100,000 na nag-depreciate? The impairment is to be borne by the creditor. Dahil
wala namang kasalanan si debtor sa pagbaba ng value ng pinangako niyangwala namang kasalanan si debtor sa pagbaba ng value ng pinangako niyang
bagay, wala nang magagawa si creditor. Hindi pwedeng mag-abono si debtor,bagay, wala nang magagawa si creditor. Hindi pwedeng mag-abono si debtor,
dahil kasama ang pag-deteriorate sa risk na matagal ma-comply yung condition.dahil kasama ang pag-deteriorate sa risk na matagal ma-comply yung condition.
4.4. If it deterioIf it deteriorates throrates through theugh the fault offault of the debthe debtor, the cretor, the creditor mayditor may choose bchoose between tetween thehe
recission of the obligation and its fulfillment, with indemnity for damages in either case;recission of the obligation and its fulfillment, with indemnity for damages in either case;
○○ YunYung kotsg kotse may mga ge may mga gasgaasgas na dahs na dahil nabil nabangangga ni debga ni debtor, mator, may choiy choice si credce si creditoritor
kung hindi niya na kukunin yung kotse (recission/ i-cancel na yung usapan perokung hindi niya na kukunin yung kotse (recission/ i-cancel na yung usapan pero
magbabayadsi debtor ng damages) o kukunin niya yung kotse na may mgamagbabayadsi debtor ng damages) o kukunin niya yung kotse na may mga
gasgas pero liable pa rin si debtor for damages.gasgas pero liable pa rin si debtor for damages.
5.5. If the thinIf the thing is improvg is improved by itsed by its nature, onature, or by time, tr by time, the improvehe improvement shament shall inure toll inure to thethe
benefit of the creditor;benefit of the creditor;
○○ HabHabang hinang hinihinihintay na mattay na matupaupad yung cond yung conditidition, bigon, biglang nlang naginaging in demang in demand yungd yung
kotse (ex.naging collector’s item). Fromkotse (ex.naging collector’s item). From ₱₱500,000 bigla naging500,000 bigla naging ₱₱2,000,000 yung2,000,000 yung
value. Walang ginawa si creditor at debtor pero tumaas yung value in time.value. Walang ginawa si creditor at debtor pero tumaas yung value in time.
Question: Sino dapat ang makinabang sa increase naQuestion: Sino dapat ang makinabang sa increase na ₱₱1,500,000? It shall inure1,500,000? It shall inure
to the benefit of the creditor. Si creditor na ang makikinabang sa pagtaas, hindito the benefit of the creditor. Si creditor na ang makikinabang sa pagtaas, hindi
pwedeng magbigay ng pera si creditor kay debtor dahil sa pagtaas ng value.pwedeng magbigay ng pera si creditor kay debtor dahil sa pagtaas ng value.
6.6. If it is improIf it is improved at thved at the expene expense of these of the debtor,debtor, he shall hhe shall have no oave no other rightther right than thathan thatt
granted to the usufructuary.granted to the usufructuary.
○○ UsufUsufruct - it is the rruct - it is the right to uight to use a certse a certain proain propertperty. Hindy. Hindi lang bai lang basta gasta gamit, samit, sayo payo pa
mapupunta yung fruits of the thing.mapupunta yung fruits of the thing.
○○ Ex.:Ex.: PinaPinahirahiram mom mo sakisakin yun yung bng bahaahay niy niyo.yo. (cal(calledled commodatumcommodatum/ pagpapahiram)/ pagpapahiram)
Pero pagpinahiram mo yung bahay mo at pwede ko pa iparenta sa iba paraPero pagpinahiram mo yung bahay mo at pwede ko pa iparenta sa iba para
kumita ako ay tawag doon aykumita ako ay tawag doon ay usufruct.usufruct. Pinagamit mo na yung bahay at yungPinagamit mo na yung bahay at yung
fruits ay ako pa rin makikinabang.fruits ay ako pa rin makikinabang.
○○ AnAng tg tawawagag dodoonon sasa pinpinahahirairam mm mo ao ayy usufructuaryusufructuary. Habang hindi ko pa binabalik. Habang hindi ko pa binabalik
yung bahay, pwede ko i-improve katulad ng pagpipintura at pagpapalagay ngyung bahay, pwede ko i-improve katulad ng pagpipintura at pagpapalagay ng
divider. Sa dulo, kailan niyo iconsider kung mababawi niya pa yungdivider. Sa dulo, kailan niyo iconsider kung mababawi niya pa yung
improvements na inilagay niya.improvements na inilagay niya.
○○ UndUnder the ruer the rule, yunle, yung mga impg mga improverovementments ay mapus ay mapupunpunta na sa mata na sa may-ary-ari, the oni, the onlyly
time na pwede kong tanggalin yung improvements ay kung yung mga idinagdagtime na pwede kong tanggalin yung improvements ay kung yung mga idinagdag
ay pwede matagal nang hindi nasisira yung subject matter. Any improvements naay pwede matagal nang hindi nasisira yung subject matter. Any improvements na
dinagdag o ako yung nagpagaw ay pwede ma off-set.dinagdag o ako yung nagpagaw ay pwede ma off-set.
○○ YunYung ping pinturatura, hin, hindi nadi na mabamababawibawi dahdahil masil masisiraisira yunyung walg walls.ls.
○○ GanGanon din aon din ang karng karapaapatan ng dtan ng debtoebtor, same sr, same sa karaa karapatapatan ng usun ng usufrucfruct sa isant sa isangg
usufructuary.usufructuary.
○○ Ex.: “IEx.: “Ibibibibigay ko yungay ko yung kotse kog kotse kong ABCng ABC123, ka123, kapag pupag pumasa kamasa ka.” Haba.” Habang hinng hinihintihintayay
yung condition, pinapinturahan at pinalagyan ko ng bagong seat cover. Kapagyung condition, pinapinturahan at pinalagyan ko ng bagong seat cover. Kapag
pumasa ka na sa Board Exam (na-comply mo na yung suspensive condition),pumasa ka na sa Board Exam (na-comply mo na yung suspensive condition),
anong karapatan ni debtor sa mga bago niyang idinagdag? Kapag mayanong karapatan ni debtor sa mga bago niyang idinagdag? Kapag may
improvement na idinagdag ang isang usufructuary, pwede niyang mauwi kung inimprovement na idinagdag ang isang usufructuary, pwede niyang mauwi kung in
the process of pagtanggal nito ay hindi masisira yung subject matter. Ang pwedethe process of pagtanggal nito ay hindi masisira yung subject matter. Ang pwede
ko lang iuwi yung seat cover dahil pwede naman kalasin. Ang benefit na lang niko lang iuwi yung seat cover dahil pwede naman kalasin. Ang benefit na lang ni
debtor sa pagpintura sa kotse, kunyari nagasgasan niya yung kotse habangdebtor sa pagpintura sa kotse, kunyari nagasgasan niya yung kotse habang
ginagamit niya, pwedeng pang offset yon. Hindi niya na kailangan bayaran nangginagamit niya, pwedeng pang offset yon. Hindi niya na kailangan bayaran nang
buo yung damages sa pagkakagasgas, i-offset na lang sa gastos dahil may bagobuo yung damages sa pagkakagasgas, i-offset na lang sa gastos dahil may bago
namang pintura.namang pintura.
