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ONS CHEMOTHERAPY
ADMINISTRATION Exam | Questions &
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What do alkylating chemotherapy drugs do? Correct Answer: Chemotherapy drugs that are cell cycle nonspecific, so they exert their effects in all phases of the cell cycle. They directly damage DNA to prevent cancer cells from reproducing. They cause breaks in the DNA or cross-linking in a process called alkylation, which causes the drug to interfere with DNA replication. neoadjuvant therapy Correct Answer: a cancer treatment that precedes other primary treatment, such as administering chemotherapy or radiation therapy to a patient before surgery adjuvant therapy Correct Answer: Treatment of disease with substances that assist or enhance the action of primary treatment (i.e. surgery or radiation). induction treatment of leukemia
Correct Answer: This phase of chemotherapy treatment (first phase of treatment) usually is initiated in the hospital because of its potential for serious side effects and complications from the severe, intended myelosuppression that ensues. The goal is to achieve a complete response. consolidation treatment Correct Answer: This treatment is done to ensure the treatment takes effect and decreases the chance of a recurrence. This treatment is vital because leukemic cells that are not clinically apparent, as through a CBC laboratory draw result or bone marrow biopsy evaluation, are almost always still present to some small degree in the bone marrow. myeloablation therapy Correct Answer: A process in which the bone marrow purposely is obliterated through chemotherapy or radiation to prepare for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation. Myeloablation often is used to treat blood (i.e., liquid) malignancies, such as leukemia or lymphoma. reinduction therapy Correct Answer: This treatment is used when a patient who successfully completed induction and consolidation, but relapses months later. combination therapy
progressive disease Correct Answer: Tumor growth of more than 25% or development of new cancer growth in the body relapse or recurrence Correct Answer: New tumor growth after experiencing a complete response What are the three ways to measure a response to therapy? Correct Answer: surgical, imaging and tumor marker tests G phases chemotherapy specific goal(s) Correct Answer: prevent development of elements necessary for mitosis. G phase chemotherapy drug examples Correct Answer: Toposomerase I inhibitors (irinotecan, topotecan and Topoisomerate II (doxorubicin , etoposide) and Blyomycin M phase chemotherapy specific goal(s) Correct Answer: prevent cell from going through mitosis, ranging from metaphase arrest to microtubular disorganization M phase chemotherapy drug examples
Correct Answer: Plant alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine) and Taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel) S phase chemotherapy specific goal(s) Correct Answer: prevent the cell from making DNA and/or RNA by inhibiting biosynthesis of nucleic acids S phase chemotherapy drug examples Correct Answer: antifolates (methotrexate), antipyrimidines (5-fu), and antipurines (hydroxyurea) Non-specific cell cycle drug examples Correct Answer: alkylating agents (Cytoxan), anthracycline antibiotics (doxorubin), Nitrosureas (lomustine) and Miscellaneous (cisplatin, dacarbazine, mitomycin C) Name some alkylating chemotherapy drugs. Correct Answer: Busulfan Carboplatin Cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Ifosfamide Melphalan Oxaliplatin
Name some side effects of antimetabolic cancer drugs. Correct Answer: myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting, mucositis, gastrointestinal toxicity, and other drug-specific effects. What do antitumor chemotherapy drugs do? Correct Answer: This class of chemotherapy agents binds with the DNA inside the cell and stops the DNA and resultant RNA synthesis; therefore, these drugs have a nonspecific effect on the cell life cycle. Name some antitumor chemotherapy drugs. Correct Answer: Bleomycin Dactinomycin Mitomycin Mitoxantrone anthracycline (subcategory of antitumor chemotherapy drugs) examples. Correct Answer: Daunorubicin Doxorubicin Epirubicin Idarubicin Name some antitumor chemotherapy drug side effects.
Correct Answer: Dose-limiting side effects of antitumor antibiotics include cardiac toxicity and myelosuppression, as well as drug-specific side effects. Most of these drugs are considered irritants or vesicants. When infusing, irritants may produce inflammation or irritation, but vesicants, if extravasated into surrounding tissue, may cause tissue necrosis (Olsen et al., 2019). What do Nitrosoureas immunotherapy drugs do? (carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin) Correct Answer: These drugs work in a similar manner to alkylating agents. They inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis through DNA alkylation and interfere with enzymes that help copy and repair DNA. Name some Nitrosoureas immunotherapy drugs. Correct Answer: carmustine, lomustine, semustine, stretozocin Name some side effects of Nitrosoureas immunotherapy drugs. Correct Answer: Side effects include severe myelosuppression with a delayed nadir of four to six weeks, nausea and vomiting, alopecia, renal and hepatic toxicities, mucositis, anorexia, pulmonary fibrosis, and secondary malignancies with long-term use. What do camptothecins do?
Correct Answer: Molecularly targeted anticancer agents selectively target molecular pathways, as opposed to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy agents that target DNA, tubulin, or cell division machinery (Parulekar & Eisenhauer, 2004). Targeted Therapy Adverse Effects Correct Answer: Targeted therapies interfere with specific pathways in cancer cells, with little or no effect on normal tissues. Consequently, they have a nontraditional side effect profile compared to cytotoxic agents (Priestman, 2012). Small Molecule Inhibitors: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) Correct Answer: A class of targeted therapy that works inside the cell to inhibit the tyrosine kinase receptors and, therefore, inhibit the signaling system that would lead to cell division. Name some Tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Correct Answer: Dasatinib Erlotinib Imatinib Lapatinib Nilotinib Sorafenib Sunitinib
Side effects of Tyrosine kinase inhibitors Correct Answer: rash, fluid retention, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue, but vary depending on the specific receptor to which the agent binds. Small molecule inhibitors: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors Correct Answer: These prevent mTOR from activating signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis and cell growth. Although mTOR is found in normal cells, it is highly active in some cancers, including kidney cancer. Name some Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors Correct Answer: Everolimus Temsirolimus Side effects of Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors Correct Answer: rash, asthenia, mucositis, nausea, edema, anorexia, anemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated liver enzymes, elevated serum creatinine, and low platelet and white blood cell counts. Innate immunity Correct Answer: Primary line of defense, non-specific, no memory Adaptive immunity Correct Answer: Secondary line of defense, specific immunity
cytokines Correct Answer: glycoprotein products of immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Cytokines are produced in response to T-cell activation and mediate effector defense functions. Cytokines (e.g., interleukins [ILs], interferon) themselves usually are not cytotoxic. chemokines Correct Answer: chemotactic cytokines, and these protein molecules regulate leukocyte migration and are key organizers of cell distribution in immune and inflammatory responses. Name three types of Immunotherapy. Correct Answer: Non-specific Immune Stimulation, T-Cell Transfer Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Immunotherapy Side Effects Correct Answer: Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, colitis Pulmonary: Pneumonitis Dermatologic: Rash, pruritus Endocrine: Hypophysitis, hyper- or hypothyroidism Renal: Nephritis
