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Cancer Epidemiology Correct Answer: Study of the distribution and determinants of cancer in population groups Global Cancer Statistics Correct Answer: cancer is the leading cause of disease worldwide Cancer rate Correct Answer: suppouse to increase by 75% to 22 M new cases in 2030 Causes of cancer rate increase Correct Answer: because of increasing tobacco use aging population reproductive dietary and hormonal risk factors
Top 5 most commonly diagnosed cancers Correct Answer: Lung (13%) breast (11%) colorectal (10%) stomach (8%) prostate (7%) Make up 50 % of all cancer diagnosed Correct Answer: Lung breast colorectal stomach prostate Most common cancer in men Correct Answer: Lung cancer Most common cancer in woman Correct Answer: Breast cancer Cancer mortality Correct Answer: An stimated 756 M people died in 2008
Correct Answer: prostate (28%) lung (14 %) colorectal (9%) urinary bladder(6%) melanoma of the skin (5%) Cancer Correct Answer: is the second leading cause of death in second to heart disease. Women leading cause of death Correct Answer: lung (26%) breast(14%) colorectal (9%) pancreas (7%) ovary(5%) Men leading cause of death Correct Answer: lung (28%) prostate(10%) colorectal(9%) pancreas(6%) liver and intrahepatic bile duct (5%)
Cancer health disparities Correct Answer: adverse difference in incidence, prevalence, mortality, survivorship, and burder of cacer or related health conditions that exist among specific population groups in US. Highest incidence rate of cancer Correct Answer: 1 - African American 2 - whites 3 - hispanic 4 - asian 5 - american indian Highest incidence rate of mortality Correct Answer: 1 - african american 2 - whites 3 - american indian 4 - hispanic 5 - Asian breast cancer Correct Answer: highest diagnosed (white) highest mortality (african american)
Correct Answer: BMI 25-29. Obese Correct Answer: BMI > 30 Vegetable and fruits Correct Answer: associate with decreased risk of lung, esophageal, stomach and colorectal cancers whole grain fruits Correct Answer: decreased risk of colorectal cancer alcohol consumption Correct Answer: risk factor mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus,liver,colorectum, pancreas, and breast. Sun Correct Answer: risk factor for melanoma and basal and squamous cell skin cancers most common skin cancer Correct Answer: basal cell carcinoma squasmous cell carcinoma
Correct Answer: begin with solar keratoses or actinic keratoses (head,neck and arms) Hep B Correct Answer: associated with liver cancer HIV Correct Answer: Increases risk of Karposi sarcoma and B cell lymphomas Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Correct Answer: Endemic because more than 90% worldwide is seropositive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Correct Answer: causes infectious mononucleosis Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Correct Answer: associated with Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancers, undifferentiated parotid carcinoma, hodgkin's disease, b cell lymphoma and gastric carcinoma. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Correct Answer: cervical cancer HPV (human papilloma virus)
Selective estrogen receptors modulators Correct Answer: include tamoxifen and raloxifene Selective estrogen receptor modulators Correct Answer: FDA-approved for use the used to reduce risk of breast cancer. for up to 50% among high risk women reduce risk of cancer of ovary and uterus Correct Answer: use of oral contraceptive associated with breast cancer anabolic steroids Correct Answer: associated with liver cancer Menotropins (Pergonal, Repronex, Menopur) Correct Answer: may increase the risk for ovarian cancer. growth hormone Correct Answer: may increase risk of leukemia immunosupressive agents (organ recipients) Correct Answer: increase risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma increases risk the risk of secondary cancers
Correct Answer: prior exposure to antineoplastic agents (specially alkylating agents). Gardasil or Cervarix Correct Answer: routine vaccination at 11-12 year of age(may start at 9) with 3 doses vaccination from 13-26 for those not previously vaccinated Hep B vaccine Correct Answer: 1 - at birth 2 - 1 - 2 month 3 - 6 - 18 month which of the following statements are true about cancer mortality in the US? Correct Answer: among women the 5 leading causes of cancer-related death are lung, breast, colorectal, pancreas, and ovary Breast cancer lifestyle-related risk factors include which of the following? Correct Answer: combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women. use of oral contraceptive alcohol consumption the five most common cancer diagnoses worldwide Correct Answer: lung, breast, colorectal, stomach and prostate
Correct Answer: increase rates of lung cancer primary prevention Correct Answer: the most effective treatment for cancer secondary prevention Correct Answer: early detection of cancer tertiary prevention Correct Answer: effective therapy diagnosis Correct Answer: clinical problems- solving process applied to asymptomatic individuals who either screen positive or present in an already symptomatic state incidence Correct Answer: number of new cases identified in a specified population in a defined period (generally a year) prevalence Correct Answer: percentage of all individuals with disease at a given point in time in a specified population
validity Correct Answer: accuracy of screening tool. measure by sensitivity and specificity sensitivity Correct Answer: measure of the rest ability to correctly identify persons with disease (true positive) among the population screened (100% sensitivity= no false negative how sensitive a test is to the outcome for which is testing. specificity Correct Answer: measure of the test's ability to correctly identify persons who do not have the the disease in the group being screened ( test will not be positive in anyone who does not have cancer) 100 specificity= no false positive how acurate a test will be in testing for one particular item. predictive value Correct Answer: influenced by the prevalence of the disease in population as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test the chance a test will have a false reading. positive predictive value Correct Answer: the percentage of person who screen positive who actually have the disease
Correct Answer: study of the structure, function and patterns of expression of proteins. gail model Correct Answer: tool developed to help estimate a woman's personal risk age age of menarche age at first live birth number of first degree relative with breast cancer number of previous benign breast biopsies atypical hyperplasia in a previous breast biopsy race breast cancer Correct Answer: BRCA1 & BRCA2 gene mutation ashkenazi jewish heritage breast cancer treatment Correct Answer: herceptin (adjuvant therapy such as hormone therapy) trastuzumab colorectal cancer Correct Answer: 1 - guaiac based fecal occult blood test (GFOBT) 3 consecutive tool specimen
2 - fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) 3 - stool deoxyribonucleic acid (sDNA) 4 - Barium enema 5 - flexible sigmoidoscopy 6 - colonoscopy 7 - ct colonography also known as virtual colonoscopy (VC) 8 - capsule endoscopy cervical cancer Correct Answer: 1 - pap smear 2 - cellular specimen from cervix 3 - morphologic changes of precancerous cells cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) 4 - Bethesda system (uniform cervical cytology) 5 - low sensitivity of single pap est 6 - HPV 7 - Colposcopy- a primary method for evaluation of abnormal pap tests 8 - tactic acid applied before viewing which allows a directed biopsy of any grossly visible abnormalities prostate cancer Correct Answer: 1 - digital rectal examination (DRE) 2 - serum PSA
which screening test has the strongest evidence (randomized clinical trials) to decrease mortality in a defined population. Correct Answer: pap test for cervical cancer Cancer Epidemiology Correct Answer: The study of the distribution and determinants of cancer in population groups The Incidence of cancer Correct Answer: the rates of cancer occurrence in a population increase cancer incidences Correct Answer: kidney and pancreas as well as melanoma, thyroid, liver and bile duct mass screening Correct Answer: a testing that is done to a large group of people. ex state mandatory testing on newborns. selective or prescriptive screening
Correct Answer: testing that is done for a specific disease on patients who are risk for developing that disease. ex testing for the genetic for the presence for a tumor marker for cystic fibrosis. single screening Correct Answer: done to check for the presence of a specific disease such as hypercholesterolemia. multiple screening Correct Answer: looking for at least two abnormalities at one time. example screening for elevated cholesterol and PSA at the same time. multiohasic screening Correct Answer: looking at a person over a period of time for the development of any conditions.example is assessing children for appropriate development with each well child visit. annual mamography Correct Answer: every year starting 40 adjunct screening with MRI only those with 20- 25% or greater lifetime risk of breast ca. including strong family hx of breast ca, ovarian ca and woman treated for hodgkin disease. ductal lavage
